The determinants of demand in football matches during the 2007 Brazilian Championship

In view of the structural changes experienced by Brazilian football as a whole, which is becoming better regulated and more transparently managed, it is necessary to examine the factors that now determine the attendance at football matches. This paper aims to examine the demand for tickets in the 2007 Brazilian Championship games, the main competition in that sport in the country, based on the methodology created by Souza and Angelo (2004), which conducted a study for the championship of 2002. The present study, using the Ordinary Least Squares method, showed that in 2007 the demand for football was price-inelastic, but no inference can be made with respect to income. Moreover, in general, the determinants were found to be steady.microeconomics, economics of sports, theory of demand, attendance

Proximidade geográfica ainda importa para inovação? Considerações baseadas na interação universidade-empresa em contexto periférico

Interactions between universities and industry are essential for innovation systems, whereby the process is catalyzed by the proximity between these actors in different dimensions (cognitive, organizational, social, institutional and geographical). The present paper seeks to investigate the specific importance of geographical proximity for university-industry interactions during a specific moment in Brazil’s peripheral socioeconomic formation, with the construction of an institutional framework that proved favorable to peripheral innovation and the advancement of information and communication technologies that would dispense with co-location and face-to-face contact in collective learning processes. By applying multiple linear regression analysis and smallest space analysis (SSA) to a database obtained from an extensive survey, it was observed that, associated with the cognitive dimension, geographical proximity still prevails in interactions for innovation in peripheral contexts.Interações entre universidades e empresas são essenciais para sistemas de inovação, com o processo catalisado pela proximidade entre esses atores em diferentes dimensões (cognitiva, organizacional, social, institucional e geográfica). O presente trabalho pretende promover a compreensão da importância da proximidade geográfica para interações universidade-empresa em um momento histórico específico da formação socioeconômica brasileira, quando se observavam a construção de um arcabouço institucional favorável à inovação periférica e o avanço das tecnologias de informação e comunicação que dispensariam a colocalização e o contato face a face em processos de aprendizagem coletiva. A aplicação de análises de Regressão Linear Múltipla e da Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) a uma base de dados obtida em 2008, resultante de uma survey extensiva, permitiu observar que, associada à dimensão cognitiva, a proximidade geográfica prevalece em interações para inovação em contextos periféricos

PRECIFICAÇÃO DA ÁGUA EM PROJETOS DE IRRIGAÇÃO: UMA APLICAÇÃO DO MÉTODO PARAMÉTRICO DE ESTIMAÇÃO DE UMA FUNÇÃO INSUMO-DISTÂNCIA

O aumento da pressão sobre os recursos hídricos tem levado muitos países a reconsiderarem os mecanismos utilizados na indução do uso eficiente da água. Isso é especialmente verdade para a agricultura irrigada, uma das principais consumidoras de água. Estabelecer o preço correto da água é um dos mecanismos de tornar mais eficiente a alocação da água. Contudo, precificar a água ainda é uma tarefa polêmica. Assim, o presente estudo aplica o método paramétrico de estimação de uma função insumo-distância na obtenção do preço-sombra ou disposição da firma a pagar por uma unidade adicional de água. São utilizados dados sobre a produção, área irrigada, utilização de insumos diversos, mão-de-obra, capital e volume de água obtidos de 41 unidades produtivas localizadas nos projetos de irrigação pública localizados no Submédio São Francisco. Apresenta-se as estimativas dos preços-sombra e argumenta-se que o preço-sombra da água serviria como um proxy do preço a ser cobrado por metro cúbico de água em caso de expansão da oferta de água. Os resultados obtidos se mostraram coerentes quando comparados aos preços de mercado, o que sugere o potencial em se utilizar o método no processo de precificação da água para irrigação.--------------------------------------------------------Countrie s have reconsidered various mechanisms to improve water use efficiency as a consequence of increasing economic pressures on water resources. This is especially true for irrigated agriculture that is a major consumer of water worldwide. Getting prices right is one way to allocate water, but how to accomplish this is still a polemic issue. Assuming producers implicitly face a water constraint, we estimate a Translog input-distance function to obtain water shadow-prices. The water shadow-price is viewed as the value a producer would be willing to pay so to obtain an additional unit of water. We use data regarding total production value, irrigated area, labor, capital, water and other inputs taken from 41 producers located in the sub medium São Francisco River, Brazil. We present water shadow-price estimates and argue that these values can be used as a proxy for the price by which each individual producer might be charged in case of an expansion in the water supply. In general, we found input shadow-price estimates coherent with their market prices. Therefore, it seems that the estimation of input shadow prices via a Translog input-distance function approach has potential to be used as an additional tool to support water pricing.Disposição a pagar pela água, precificação da água, programação linear, Willingness to pay for water, water pricing, linear programming, Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Production of ethanol from mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (SW) D.C.] pods mash by Zymomonas mobilis in submerged fermentation

Mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (SW) D.C.], a perennial tropical plant commonly found in Brazilian semi-arid region, is a viable raw material for fermentative processes because of its low cost and production of pods with high content of hydrolysable sugars which generate many compounds, including ethanol. This study aimed to evaluate the use of mesquite pods as substrate for ethanol production by Z. mobilis UFPEDA205 in a submerged fermentation. The fermentation was assessed for rate of substrate yield to ethanol, rate of ethanol production and efficiency of fermentation. The very close theoretical (170 g L-1) and experimental (165 g L-1) maximum ethanol yields were achieved at 36 h of fermentation. The highest counts of Z. mobilis UFEPEDA-205 (both close to 6 Log cfu mL-1) were also noted at 36 h. Highest rates of substrate yield to ethanol (0.44 g ethanol g glucose-1), of ethanol production (4.69 g L-1 h-1) and of efficiency of fermentation (86.81%) were found after 30 h. These findings suggest mesquite pods as an interesting substrate for ethanol production using submerged fermentation by Z. mobilis.A algaroba [Prosopis juliflora (SW) D.C.] é uma planta tropical perene comumente encontrada no semi-árido brasileiro e apresenta-se como matéria-prima viável para o processo fermentativo por possuir baixo custo e para produzir vagens que contém um elevado teor de açúcares hidrolisáveis, os quais podem gerar diversos compostos, incluindo etanol. Avaliou-se o uso de vagens de algaroba como substrato para produção de etanol por Z. mobilis UFPEDA-205 por meio de fermentação submersa. O processo fermentativo foi avaliado por meio da mensuração da taxa de conversão de substrato em etanol, taxa de produção de etanol e eficiência de fermentação. Os valores muito próximos encontrados para o fornecimento máximo teórico (170 g L-1) e experimental (165 g L-1) de etanol foram alcançados após 36 h de fermentação. O valor de contagem experimental de Z. mobilis UFEPEDA-205 (próximo a 6 Log cfu mL-1) foi encontrado após 36 h de fermentação. As mais elevadas taxas de conversão de substrato para etanol (0,44 g ethanol g glucose-1), de produção de etanol (4,69 g L-1 h-1) e de eficiência de fermentação (86,81%) foram encontrados depois de 30 h. Conclui-se que as vagens de algaroba apresentam potencial como substrato emergente para produção de etanol por Z. mobilis por meio de fermentação submersa

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Growth with exhaustible resource and endogenous extraction rate

Stable growth Balanced growth path Exhaustible resources Endogenous extraction rate