Evaluating the effectiveness of object-oriented metrics for bug prediction

In our experiments we examined the general relationship between object-oriented metrics and the fault-proneness of classes. We analyzed a large open-source program called Mozilla, calculated 58 object-oriented metrics for Mozilla at the class level \cite FSG04, collected the reported and corrected bugs from the bug tracking system of Mozilla and associated them with the classes. We applied logistic regression to examine which metrics could be used to predict the fault proneness of the classes. We found that 17 of the 58 object-oriented metrics were useful predictors, but to a different extent. The CBO (Coupling Between Object classes) metric was the best, but it was only slightly better than NOI (Number of Outgoing Invocations) and RFC (Response Set for a Class), which proved useful as well. We also examined the metrics in terms of their categories and we found that coupling metrics were the best predictors for finding bugs, but the complexity and size metrics also gave good results. On the other hand, in tests all the inheritance-related metrics were statistically insignificant

Az önkormányzatok reformja - visszatekintés Martonyi János 1946. évi önkormányzati reformmal kapcsolatos javaslatára

János Martonyi published his proposal in 1946, during in the process of state organizational changes following World War II. The reform aimed at the modernisation of public administration, titled ‚The Reform of Local Self-Governments’. The reorganization of territorial administration, the re-establishment of locally organized local self-government units, and the reassignment of public tasks emerged as pivotal obligations for the political leadership in the aftermath of the Second World War. Numerous proposals were formulated, among which stands out the writing of János Martonyi. The study presents the historical-political context in which Martonyi’s proposal was formulated, specifically focusing on Hungary’s administrative structure before and after the World War II. It demonstrates the measures taken by the Interim National Government, the role of the local bodies of the Hungarian National Independence Front, and the tasks of the national committees. There was an overall consensus among the members of the Hungarian National Independence Front, which unified coalition parties, regarding the administrative reform. According to this, the parties agreed that local elections should be held as soon as possible, preferably in the autumn of 1946. They also reached an agreement that the democratic reform of the administrative structure would be one of the coalition’s most important agenda points. Martonyi considered an administrative arrangement that based on one hand on democratic foundations and on the other hand was simple and professional, to be an ideal type of organization. The twenty-five counties of Hungary were considered by the view of Martonyi as unsuitable as the basis for administrative territorial division. The proposal of the National Peasant Party was partially accepted, supporting the country’s division into seven districts. In place of the counties, he suggested districts in part and autonomous towns in other part, with approximately fifty districts and twenty autonomous towns. Generally, two districts would replace one county as a territorial administrative unit. Act XX of 1949 on the Constitution of the Hungarian People’s Republic established the state administrative system in a centralized manner following the Soviet model, did not recognize self-governance, entirely abolishing local democracy. The reform proposals formulated after the Second World War, unfortunately, did not come to fruition

Változó kormányzati ellenőrzés a helyi önkormányzatok működésében

Government control’s legislation, in accordance with local authorities’ activities, substantially changed this year in Hungary. New Basic Law came into force on 1 January 2012, legal control was replaced by government supervision, its measures are much more stronger than previous legal control’s means. Paper on changing of government supervision aims to analyse the changing of Hungarian law, linked to international experiences, especially to standards of Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers adopted on 18 September 1998 Recommendation No. R (98) 12 to Member States on supervision of local authorities action, in order to achieve extend the application of the principles enshrined in European Charter of Local Self-Government. Recommendation involves also Report by the Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) on supervision and auditing of local authorities’ action. Paper is based on these documents: models of government control in European countries, examples described not implied in Hungary (e.g. a priori or preventive control), measures to be taken in event of infringement and changes needed to supervision. Author tried to provide possible assessment on new supervision system in Hungary

Centralization and Reduced Financial Resources: A Worrying Picture for Hungarian Municipalities

The article provides an overview of governmental regulations affecting the operation and economic situation of local self-governments in Hungary during the pandemic crisis. The research covers the period from the declaration of the state of emergency in March 2020 until the end of the year. The study aims to explore the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government’s special provisions related to local democracy concerns in times of crisis. The article analyses the relationship between the pandemic and governmental measures that affected the economic position of local self-governments. It does not provide an objective assessment, but rather presents and analyses the relevant resources. The article is primarily based on the review of the legal framework and the relevant Constitutional Court’s decisions. The analysis demonstrates that the Constitutional Court did not or only partially defended the legal interests of local self-governments. The governmental measures ‘stood the test of constitutionality’. The study confirms the initial assumption that the excessive centralization process was significantly reinforced, while the position of local self-governments in the  state organs system weakened. However, some measures cause concern as they highlight deeper problems in the Hungarian legal system, irrespective of the pandemic

Centralisation – Decentralisation – Deconcentration in the Context of Local Public Service Provision

The study is an attempt to overview the emergence of decentralization, especially financial decentralization issues in the field of local public service provision