Influence of Winemaking Practices on the Characteristics of Winery Wastewater and Water Usage of Wineries

The winemaking industry produces large volumes of wastewater that pose an environmental threat ifnot treated correctly. The increasing numbers of wineries and the demand for wine around the worldare adding to the growing problem. The vinification process includes all steps of the winemakingprocess, from the receipt of grapes to the final packaged product in the bottle. To fully understand allthe aspects of winery wastewater it is important to know the winemaking processes before consideringpossible treatments. Winemaking is seen as an art and all wineries are individual, hence treatmentsolutions should be different. Furthermore, wastewater also differs from one winery to anotherregarding its volume and composition and therefore is it vital for a detailed characterisation of thewastewater to fully understand the problem before managing it. However, prevention is better thancure. There are a number of winemaking practices that can help lower the volume of the wastewaterproduced to decrease the work load of the treatment system and increase the efficiency of treatment

Sygeplejeselskabet for Det mosaiske Troessamfund i København 1943-2014. Et efterskrift

Om sygeplejeselskabets møder og formænd 1943-201

Investigating the Effect of Ozone on the Biodegradability of Distillery Wastewater

The effect of ozonation on wine distillery wastewater was investigated firstly by monitoring the effect of ozonationon the composition of the wastewater and, secondly, by investigating its effect on the biodegradability of thewastewater. An average COD reduction of 271 mg COD.g O3-1 was found for wastewater from a distillery pondsystem. Stable microbial populations, which are found in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) granules, wereused to determine the toxic effect of wastewater on microbial activity. Granule activity was measured in terms ofthe rate of biogas and methane production, as well as cumulative biogas volume. Low ozone doses (200 to 400 mgO3.L-1) increased granule activity in terms of biogas, methane production, and cumulative gas volumes. Distillerywastewater reduced the activity of granules, most likely due to the presence of polyphenols and other recalcitrantcompounds in the distillery wastewater

Evidence of lexical priming in spoken Liverpool English

This thesis is about two things. Firstly, drawing on Michael Hoey’s Lexical Priming, it aims to extend the research represented in that book – into the roots of the concept of priming and into how far Hoey’s claims are valid for spoken English corpora. The thesis traces the development of the concept of priming, which was initially work done by computational analysts, psychologists and psycho-linguists, to present a clearer picture of what priming means and in how far the phenomenon of priming has been proven to be a salient model of how man’s mind works. Moving on from that, I demonstrate how this model can be adapted to provide a model of language generation and use as Sinclair (2004) and Hoey (2003 etc.) have done, leading to the linguistic theory of Lexical Priming. Secondly, throughout the thesis two speech communities are compared: a general community of English speakers throughout the UK and a specific community, namely the Liverpool English (Scouse) speakers of Liverpool, UK. In the course of this work, a socio-economic discussion highlights the notion of Liverpool Exceptionalism and, grounded in the theory of lexical priming, I aim to show through corporaled research that this Exceptionalism manifests itself, linguistically, through (amongst other things) specific use of particular words and phrases. I thus research the lexical use of Liverpool speakers in direct comparison to the use by other UK English speakers. I explore the use of “I” and people, indefinite pronouns (anybody, someone etc.), discourse markers (like, really, well, yeah etc.) amongst other key items of spoken discourse where features of two varieties of English may systematically differ. The focus is on divergence found in their collocation, colligation, semantic preference and their lexically driven grammatical patterns. Comparing casual spoken Liverpool English with the casual spoken (UK) English found in the Macmillan and BNC subcorpora, this study finds primings in the patterns of language use that appear in all three corpora. Beyond that, there are primings of language use that appear to be specific to the Liverpool English corpus. With Scouse as the example under the microscope, this is an exploration into how speakers in different speech communities use the same language – but differently. It is not only the phonetic realisation, or the grammatical or lexical differences that define them as a separate speech group – it is the fact that they use the same lexicon in a distinct way. This means that lexical use, rather than just lexical stock, is a characterising feature of dialects

Fluctuations of indicator and index microbes as indication of pollution over three years in the Plankenburg and Eerste Rivers, Western Cape, South Africa

The Plankenburg and Eerste Rivers (Western Cape) have been reported to be contaminated with faecal coliforms. Water is drawn from both rivers for irrigation of fresh produce. The potential risk in the use of these rivers as irrigation sources was assessed by determining the fluctuations of ‘indicator’ and ‘index’ microbes over 3 years. Selected physico-chemical (water temperature, pH, COD, conductivity and alkalinity) and microbiological parameters, including coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci, as ‘indicators’ of faecal pollution, and Salmonella, Listeria and Staphylococcus, as ‘index’ of the presence of potential pathogens, were monitored.No correlation was found between water temperature and COD (r2 = 0.0003), whereas for temperature and pH a significant trend (p = 0.0004), but low correlation (r2 = 0.108), was observed. With the exception of the faecal coliforms (E. coli), no significant trends and no correlations between temperature and the dependent variables were found. For the faecal coliforms there was a significant trend (p = 0.0289) with temperature but not a good correlation (r2 = 0.0434), but the impact of temperature over time was significant (p = 0.0047). This is important, when the World Health Organisation (WHO) and South African Department of Water Affairs (DWA) guidelines for faecal coliforms are applied, as it indicates that temperaturedoes impact the faecal coliform numbers. The presence of indicator organisms did not only indicate unsanitary conditions, but also the presence of potential pathogens such as Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Listeria and Salmonella. Based on these results the microbial quality of these rivers was found to be unacceptable and does not meet the WHO and DWA guidelines for safe irrigation. There was also a high risk of exposure to human pathogens when water from these rivers is used to irrigate produce that is consumed without further processing.Keywords: Irrigation water, faecal pollution, indicator and index organisms, Plankenburg and Eerste River

Application of science and technology by the South African food and beverage industry

Significant shifts in the type of foods consumed by South Africans have taken place since 1994 and packaged food and beverage innovation has accelerated since then. Globally, advances in science and technology have benefitted food processing and food manufacturing technologies and systems. Significant capital investments have been made by the South African food and beverage manufacturing industry (SAFBMI). It is, however, not clear which technology areas have received investments and for what purposes. The objective of this study was thus to understand how the SAFBMI has invested in and applied science and technology since 1994. Data were sourced from food and beverage trade magazines, dating from 1986 to 2012. Trends over the past 30 years were analysed to determine the application of science and technology. The findings suggest that the dairy, soft drinks and bakery sectors have been most active. The main advances were to upgrade manufacturing facilities and build new plants to increase capacity, deliver new products and improve efficiencies and product quality and safety. Investments to improve thermal processing and packaging were also noted. We found evidence of the application of commercially available new preservation technologies and a low level of experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies by the SAFBMI. South Africa appears to be keeping pace with advances in food manufacturing in automation, process control and quality and food safety practices, material handling, and centralised distribution centres with warehouse management systems. Continued investment in food science and technology research will ensure that the growing consumer demand for packaged foods and beverages is met.  Significance: • Although South Africa is keeping pace with science and technology advances in its food and beverage manufacturing operations, the need to continue to conduct and apply science and technology research, especially in novel processing, is highlighted