An investigational research of spray pattern for deflector flat spray nozzle using horizontal patternator

Valuation of the spray patterns and spray angle is necessary for producing nozzle applications such as in combustion process, agriculture, which is the experiment result in less liquid usage, and increased spray distribution accuracy. Therefore, this study investigate to analyze the spray distribution nozzle and consider the water consumption and spray angle using several type of deflector flat spray. First, the result should assist with spray patternator construction to determine water consumption. Then, measure of spray angle using Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera (DSLR) and image J software. The results provided support two fluid flow in the nozzle with increase of air pressure can reduce water consumption compared with single fluid flow. Effect of relationship between air pressures with water pressure in the nozzle producing the large spray angle compared water pressure only in the nozzle. Thus, fluid pressure in the nozzle is main parameter in developing on spray distribution. Spray pattern and spray angle are also an important consideration in nozzle selection and application

Photoswitching microscopy with standard fluorophores

van de Linde S, Kasper R, Heilemann M, Sauer M. Photoswitching microscopy with standard fluorophores. APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS. 2008;93(4):725-731.We introduce far-field subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging based on photoswitching of individual standard fluorophores in air-saturated solution. Here, photoswitching microscopy relies on the light-induced switching of organic fluorophores (ATTO 655 and ATTO 680) into long-lived metastable dark states and spontaneous repopulation of the fluorescent state. In the presence of low concentrations (2-10 mM) of reducing, thiol-containing compounds such as beta-mercaptoethylamine or glutathione, the density of fluorescent molecules can be adjusted to enable multiple localizations of individual fluorophores with an experimental accuracy of similar to 20 nm. The method requires wide-field illumination with only a single laser beam for read-out and photoswitching and provides superresolution fluorescence images of intracellular structures under live cell compatible conditions

Mechanisms of toxic action of copper and copper nanoparticles in two Amazon fish species: Dwarf cichlid ( Apistogramma agassizii ) and cardinal tetra ( Paracheirodon axelrodi )

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-07-15Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do AmazonasConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) are widely used in boat antifouling paints and are released into the environment, potentially inducing toxicity to aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to understand the effects of nCuO and dissolved copper (Cu) on two ornamental Amazon fish species: dwarf cichlid (Apistogramma agassizii) and cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi). Fish were exposed to 50% of the LC50 for nCuO (dwarf cichlid 58.31 μg L−1 and cardinal tetra 69.6 μg L−1) and Cu (dwarf cichlid 20 μg L−1 and cardinal tetra 22.9 μg L−1) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Following exposure, aerobic metabolic rate (ṀO2), gill osmoregulatory physiology and mitochondrial function, oxidative stress markers, and morphological damage were evaluated. Our results revealed species specificity in metabolic stress responses. An increase of ṀO2 was noted in cardinal tetra exposed to Cu, but not nCuO, whereas ṀO2 in dwarf cichlid showed little change with either treatment. In contrast, mitochondria from dwarf cichlid exhibited increased proton leak and a resulting decrease in respiratory control ratios in response to nCuO and Cu exposure. This uncoupling was directly related to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Our findings reveal different metabolic responses between these two species in response to nCuO and Cu, which are probably caused by the differences between species natural histories, indicating that different mechanisms of toxic action of the contaminants are associated to differential osmoregulatory strategies among species.Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo, 2936 AleixoMount Allison University Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 63C York St.São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of BiosciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of BiosciencesFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas: N° 3159/08CNPq: N° 573976/2008-