1,207 research outputs found
Unresolved Unidentified Source Contribution to the Gamma-ray Background
The large majority of EGRET point sources remain without an identified
low-energy counterpart, and a large fraction of these sources are most likely
extragalactic. Whatever the nature of the extragalactic EGRET unidentified
sources, faint unresolved objects of the same class must have a contribution to
the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGRB). Understanding this
component of the EGRB, along with other guaranteed contributions from known
sources, is essential if we are to use this emission to constrain exotic
high-energy physics. Here, we follow an empirical approach to estimate whether
a potential contribution of unidentified sources to the EGRB is likely to be
important, and we find that it is. Additionally, we show how upcoming GLAST
observations of EGRET unidentified sources, as well as of their fainter
counterparts, can be combined with GLAST observations of the Galactic and
extragalactic diffuse backgrounds to shed light on the nature of the EGRET
unidentified sources even without any positional association of such sources
with low-energy counterparts.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Ap
Gamma-ray signatures of annihilation to charged leptons in dark matter substructure
Due to their higher concentrations and small internal velocities, Milky Way
subhalos can be at least as important as the smooth halo in accounting for the
GeV positron excess via dark matter annihilation. After showing how this can be
achieved in various scenarios, including in Sommerfeld models, we demonstrate
that, in this case, the diffuse inverse-Compton emission resulting from
electrons and positrons produced in substructure leads to a nearly-isotropic
signal close to the level of the isotropic GeV gamma-ray background seen by
Fermi. Moreover, we show that HESS cosmic-ray electron measurements can be used
to constrain multi-TeV internal bremsstrahlung gamma rays arising from
annihilation to charged leptons.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures; minor updates to match published versio
Apoptotic depletion of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells in idiopathic CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocytopenia
Progressive loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes, accompanied by opportunistic infections characteristic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, ahs been reported in the absence of any known etiology. The pathogenesis of this syndrome, a subset of idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL), is uncertain. We report that CD4+ T cells from seven of eight ICL patients underwent accelerated programmed cell death, a process facilitated by T cell receptor cross-linking. Apoptosis was associated with enhanced expression of Fas and Fas ligand in unstimulated cell populations, and partially inhibited by soluble anti-Fas mAb. In addition, apoptosis was suppressed by aurintricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent endonucleases and proteases, in cells from four of seven patients, The in vivo significance of these findings was supported by three factors: the absence of accelerated apoptosis in persons with stable, physiologic CD4 lymphopenia without clinical immune deficiency; detection of serum antihistone H2B autoantibodies, one consequence of DNA fragmentation, in some patients; and its selectivity, with apoptosis limited to the CD4 population in some, and occurring among CD8+ T cells predominantly in those individuals with marked depletion of both CD4+ T lymphocytes linked to clinical immune suppression have evidence for accelerated T cell apoptosis in vitro that may be pathophysiologic and amenable to therapy with apoptosis inhibitors
A luminosity constraint on the origin of unidentified high energy sources
The identification of point sources poses a great challenge for the high
energy community. We present a new approach to evaluate the likelihood of a set
of sources being a Galactic population based on the simple assumption that
galaxies similar to the Milky Way host comparable populations of gamma-ray
emitters. We propose a luminosity constraint on Galactic source populations
which complements existing approaches by constraining the abundance and spatial
distribution of any objects of Galactic origin, rather than focusing on the
properties of a specific candidate emitter. We use M31 as a proxy for the Milky
Way, and demonstrate this technique by applying it to the unidentified EGRET
sources. We find that it is highly improbable that the majority of the
unidentified EGRET sources are members of a Galactic halo population (e.g.,
dark matter subhalos), but that current observations do not provide any
constraints on all of these sources being Galactic objects if they reside
entirely in the disk and bulge. Applying this method to upcoming observations
by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has the potential to exclude association
of an even larger number of unidentified sources with any Galactic source
class.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, to appear in JPhys
A New Approach to Searching for Dark Matter Signals in Fermi-LAT Gamma Rays
Several cosmic ray experiments have measured excesses in electrons and
positrons, relative to standard backgrounds, for energies from ~ 10 GeV - 1
TeV. These excesses could be due to new astrophysical sources, but an
explanation in which the electrons and positrons are dark matter annihilation
or decay products is also consistent. Fortunately, the Fermi-LAT diffuse gamma
ray measurements can further test these models, since the electrons and
positrons produce gamma rays in their interactions in the interstellar medium.
Although the dark matter gamma ray signal consistent with the local electron
and positron measurements should be quite large, as we review, there are
substantial uncertainties in the modeling of diffuse backgrounds and,
additionally, experimental uncertainties that make it difficult to claim a dark
matter discovery. In this paper, we introduce an alternative method for
understanding the diffuse gamma ray spectrum in which we take the intensity
ratio in each energy bin of two different regions of the sky, thereby canceling
common systematic uncertainties. For many spectra, this ratio fits well to a
power law with a single break in energy. The two measured exponent indices are
a robust discriminant between candidate models, and we demonstrate that dark
matter annihilation scenarios can predict index values that require "extreme"
parameters for background-only explanations.Comment: v1: 11 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, revtex4; v2: 13 pages, 8 figures, 1
table, revtex4, Figure 4 added, minor additions made to text, references
added, conclusions unchanged, published versio
A multi-site, randomized study of strengths-based case management with substance-abusing parolees
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