10 research outputs found

    Studying effects of external conditions of electrochemical measurements on the photoelectrochemical properties of semiconductors: cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and Mott – Schottky method

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    In this paper, the dependences of the semiconductors’ photoelectrochemical properties on the experimental conditions were studied for the solid solution of CdS and ZnS, graphitic carbon nitride, and the platinized carbon nitride. The cyclic voltammograms were obtained under different scan rates. The sample investigations were carried out by two ways, at the constant external voltage and varied amplitudes and at different external voltages and the fixed amplitude. The Mott – Schottky dependences were studied at different frequencies. The basic dependences of the changes in the photoelectrode target characteristics on the experimental condition were found. Some recommendations for the correct comparison of qualitative and quantitative photoelectrochemical data were formulated.https://doi.org/10.15826/elmattech.2023.2.01

    Semi-Wild Population of Kulans in the Bukhara Breeding Centre and Their Co-Habitation with Przewalski’s Horses

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    Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski\u27s horses initially inhabited steppe, semi-desert and desert areas, but Przewalski\u27s horses became extinct in the wild, and kulans are under threat of disappearance. The Bukhara Breeding Centre (Uzbekistan) was created in 1976 for conservation and reintroduction of wild ungulate species. In 1977-1978, five kulans (two males and three females) from Barsa-Kelmes Island on the Aral lake were introduced to the reserve. The group increased to 25-30 animals in 1995-1998, when five Przewalski\u27s horses from Moscow and St. Petersburg zoos were introduced to the same territory. We analyzed the home ranges, preferred habitats and social interactions of these closely related species during 1995-1999 by season and group composition. Horses and kulans each formed a reproductive group and a secondary bachelor group. The home range of the secondary group in both species was larger then that of the reproductive group and seemed to be less dependent on watering places. Kulans and Przewalski\u27s horses demonstrated different strategies of habitat use. They can share one area without serious conflicts, avoiding competition by the temporal differentiation in the usage of key sites

    Links between soil bacteriobiomes and fungistasis toward fungi infecting the Colorado potato beetle

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    Entomopathogenic fungi can be inhibited by different soil microorganisms, but the effect of a soil microbiota on fungal growth, survival, and infectivity toward insects is insufficiently understood. We investigated the level of fungistasis toward Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana in soils of conventional potato fields and kitchen potato gardens. Agar diffusion methods, 16S rDNA metabarcoding, bacterial DNA quantification, and assays of Leptinotarsa decemlineata survival in soils inoculated with fungal conidia were used. Soils of kitchen gardens showed stronger fungistasis toward M. robertsii and B. bassiana and at the same time the highest density of the fungi compared to soils of conventional fields. The fungistasis level depended on the quantity of bacterial DNA and relative abundance of Bacillus, Streptomyces, and some Proteobacteria, whose abundance levels were the highest in kitchen garden soils. Cultivable isolates of bacilli exhibited antagonism to both fungi in vitro. Assays involving inoculation of nonsterile soils with B. bassiana conidia showed trends toward elevated mortality of L. decemlineata in highly fungistatic soils compared to low-fungistasis ones. Introduction of antagonistic bacilli into sterile soil did not significantly change infectivity of B. bassiana toward the insect. The results support the idea that entomopathogenic fungi can infect insects within a hypogean habitat despite high abundance and diversity of soil antagonistic bacteria

    ГСополитичСскиС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ трансформации соврСмСнного мироустройства: Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ пСрспСктивы

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    This article explores the current direction of modern geopolitics associated with conflicts of our time. In particular, attention is paid to the analysis of the origins of the aggressive policy of the leading world countries, especially the United States. The authors argue that one of the principal causes of today’s regional conflicts that could potentially develop into the world conflicts is the concept of β€œuniversal values.” The author focuses on the fact that the initiator of such conflicts may be the subjects of globalization. The forcible imposition of such Westernistic standards gives rise to the active rejection in many countries. The threat of a geopolitical conflict is determined by the transnational information networks uniting the whole world space because ubiquitousness of the extremely intensive mass media and relatively high geographic mobility contribute to the emergence of zones of irrationality. The line between the internal and interstate conflicts existed for a long period of time, although it was not too severe. With the end of the Cold War this line rapidly began to get blurred: it is the limited conflicts of the internal internationalized nature that have become the main type of the military confrontation in the 90’s. At this, the internal internationalized conflicts have combined the most dangerous features of both international and internal conflicts. When analyzing the causes of geopolitical conflicts of the globalization era we should assume that the interaction of interests on the international scene is often conflicting in nature and it is impossible to remove the conflicts from political practices at all; it is necessary to learn how to manage them minimizing potential costs and damage. The Western policy of globalization aimed at the destruction of national cultures and practices of globalization in many ways is defined by the subjects of the globalization pressure seeking to impose their own standards to the world community. One of the most dangerous manifestations of the globalization pressure is the policy of β€œdouble standards”, the display of which is the use of force in international relations and the willingness to apply it in defiance of the international law. Due to the fact that the world is gradually losing its multipolarity, the globalization methods are becoming more open and aggressive. Fundamentals of stability of the modern system, its viability and activity are declared as derivatives of the state of the American resources, political will and intellect. At the beginning of the 21st century for the first time in a hundred years foreign countries started talking about the empire and imperial thinking without the usual liberal judgment accepting it as a real fact of political and cultural life The author shows that under the influence of the increasing β€œneo-Eurasianism” a large place in geopolitical constructions is given to the cultural, civilizational and confessional factors. Mankind is on the threshold of a qualitatively new and, therefore, unknown period of its development. On the one hand, the nature changing era is ending: the anthropogenic load approached the objective limit and a person begins to solve this problem by adapting himself to the environment. On the other hand, technology is breaking out from the social control, as it was during the transition from feudalism to capitalism carrying not just new social relations, but also a new face of the whole of humanity. Instead of the Westernistic world with dominating parameters of the Western rationalistic civilization, a new civilization is gradually formed on the basis of the organic combination of unity and indivisibility of the world community on the one hand, diversification and pluralism of peoples, cultures and religions, on the other. Real stability in the international community might be achieved if in solving regional conflicts we take into account the traditions and rely on time-tested international organizations. In this regard, it is important to see the natural aspiration of the peoples for integration as a guarantor of the occurrence of geopolitical conflicts while rejecting all attempts to forcibly impart the system of β€œWestern values” to the peoples because it is fraught with all kinds of conflicts, including the nuclear one. The article states that when studying a geopolitical meaning of the contemporary conflicts it is necessary to consider that in modern Europe there are conflicts that are absolutely taboo for a β€œdemocratic discussion”. A range of opinions on the problem is also due to ignorance of the conceptual apparatus of the phenomenon under study and a free addressing with the associated scientific concepts. In other words, the study of the problems of globalism and globalization involves the development of a concerted and recognized concept about their nature and taking into account their free variations in the subsequent interpretationΠ’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ исслСдуСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ соврСмСнной Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, связанноС с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ соврСмСнности. Π’ частности, Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ истоков агрСссивной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… стран, Π² особСнности БША. Авторами доказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ возникновСния соврСмСнных Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ пСрСрасти Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅, являСтся концСпция «общСчСловСчСских цСнностСй». Автор Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ носитСлСм ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ навязываниС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСстСрнистских ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ нСприятиС Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… странах ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°. Π£Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π° гСополитичСского ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ сСтями, ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ всС ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ пространство, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ повсСмСстноС распространСниС Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ… срСдств массовой ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ высокая гСографичСская ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ возникновСнию Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡ€Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. На протяТСнии ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ мСТгосударствСнными ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ сущСствовала, хотя ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° слишком ТСсткой. Π‘ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ сама эта Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ: ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° стали основным Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ противостояния Π² 90-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ объСдинили Π² сСбС Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ опасныС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ внутригосударствСнных ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π’ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ гСополитичСских ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² эпохи Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ слСдуСт ΠΈΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ взаимодСйствиС интСрСсов Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ само ΠΏΠΎ сСбС Π·Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ носит ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ нСльзя ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· политичСской ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅; Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, минимизируя Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Ρ€Π±. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, проводимая Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния, стрСмящимися Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои стандарты всСму ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ сообщСству. Одно ΠΈΠ· самых опасных проявлСний Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния – это ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Β«Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стандартов», проявлСниСм ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ являСтся использованиС силы Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ… ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρƒ. Π’ связи с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ постСпСнно тСряСт свою ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ становятся всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ агрСссивными. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ соврСмСнной систСмы, Π΅Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ состояния амСриканских рСсурсов, политичСской Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π° сто Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ импСрском ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ осуТдСния, приняв это ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ политичСской ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Автор ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ влияниСм Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ силу «нСоСвразийства» Π² гСополитичСских построСниях большоС мСсто отводится ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎ-Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌ. ЧСловСчСство стоит Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅ качСствСнно Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° своСго развития. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны, заканчиваСтся эпоха измСнСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹: aнтропогСнная Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρƒ, ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ эту ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ приспособлСния сСбя ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСдС. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ – Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ вырвутся ΠΈΠ·- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ общСствСнного контроля, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ это Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ, нСся Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ… ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ просто Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ общСствСнныС ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ всСго чСловСчСства. ВмСсто вСстСрнистского ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ рационалистичСской Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, постСпСнно формируСтся новая цивилизация Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°Ρ… органичСского сочСтания Сдинства ΠΈ нСдСлимости ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сообщСства, с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны, дивСрсификации ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΡŽΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΉ – с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ. РСальной ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ сообщСствС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ, Ссли Π² Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ локально- Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ связи Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ СстСствСнноС стрСмлСниС Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ возникновСния гСополитичСских ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², отвСргая ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом всячСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ систСмы Β«Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… цСнностСй», ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ это Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ всСми Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ядСрный. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ доказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ исслСдовании гСополитичСского смысла ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² соврСмСнности Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² соврСмСнной Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°Π±ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ для «дСмократичСского обсуТдСния». Разброс ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ рассматриваСмой ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ понятийного Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ явлСния, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ с относящимися ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ понятиями. Π˜Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ словами, исслСдованиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ согласованного ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ понятия ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ… сущности ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ

    ГСополитичСскиС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ трансформации соврСмСнного мироустройства: Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ пСрспСктивы

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    This article explores the current direction of modern geopolitics associated with conflicts of our time. In particular, attention is paid to the analysis of the origins of the aggressive policy of the leading world countries, especially the United States. The authors argue that one of the principal causes of today’s regional conflicts that could potentially develop into the world conflicts is the concept of β€œuniversal values.” The author focuses on the fact that the initiator of such conflicts may be the subjects of globalization. The forcible imposition of such Westernistic standards gives rise to the active rejection in many countries. The threat of a geopolitical conflict is determined by the transnational information networks uniting the whole world space because ubiquitousness of the extremely intensive mass media and relatively high geographic mobility contribute to the emergence of zones of irrationality. The line between the internal and interstate conflicts existed for a long period of time, although it was not too severe. With the end of the Cold War this line rapidly began to get blurred: it is the limited conflicts of the internal internationalized nature that have become the main type of the military confrontation in the 90’s. At this, the internal internationalized conflicts have combined the most dangerous features of both international and internal conflicts. When analyzing the causes of geopolitical conflicts of the globalization era we should assume that the interaction of interests on the international scene is often conflicting in nature and it is impossible to remove the conflicts from political practices at all; it is necessary to learn how to manage them minimizing potential costs and damage. The Western policy of globalization aimed at the destruction of national cultures and practices of globalization in many ways is defined by the subjects of the globalization pressure seeking to impose their own standards to the world community. One of the most dangerous manifestations of the globalization pressure is the policy of β€œdouble standards”, the display of which is the use of force in international relations and the willingness to apply it in defiance of the international law. Due to the fact that the world is gradually losing its multipolarity, the globalization methods are becoming more open and aggressive. Fundamentals of stability of the modern system, its viability and activity are declared as derivatives of the state of the American resources, political will and intellect. At the beginning of the 21st century for the first time in a hundred years foreign countries started talking about the empire and imperial thinking without the usual liberal judgment accepting it as a real fact of political and cultural life The author shows that under the influence of the increasing β€œneo-Eurasianism” a large place in geopolitical constructions is given to the cultural, civilizational and confessional factors. Mankind is on the threshold of a qualitatively new and, therefore, unknown period of its development. On the one hand, the nature changing era is ending: the anthropogenic load approached the objective limit and a person begins to solve this problem by adapting himself to the environment. On the other hand, technology is breaking out from the social control, as it was during the transition from feudalism to capitalism carrying not just new social relations, but also a new face of the whole of humanity. Instead of the Westernistic world with dominating parameters of the Western rationalistic civilization, a new civilization is gradually formed on the basis of the organic combination of unity and indivisibility of the world community on the one hand, diversification and pluralism of peoples, cultures and religions, on the other. Real stability in the international community might be achieved if in solving regional conflicts we take into account the traditions and rely on time-tested international organizations. In this regard, it is important to see the natural aspiration of the peoples for integration as a guarantor of the occurrence of geopolitical conflicts while rejecting all attempts to forcibly impart the system of β€œWestern values” to the peoples because it is fraught with all kinds of conflicts, including the nuclear one. The article states that when studying a geopolitical meaning of the contemporary conflicts it is necessary to consider that in modern Europe there are conflicts that are absolutely taboo for a β€œdemocratic discussion”. A range of opinions on the problem is also due to ignorance of the conceptual apparatus of the phenomenon under study and a free addressing with the associated scientific concepts. In other words, the study of the problems of globalism and globalization involves the development of a concerted and recognized concept about their nature and taking into account their free variations in the subsequent interpretationΠ’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ исслСдуСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ соврСмСнной Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, связанноС с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ соврСмСнности. Π’ частности, Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ истоков агрСссивной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… стран, Π² особСнности БША. Авторами доказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ возникновСния соврСмСнных Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ пСрСрасти Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅, являСтся концСпция «общСчСловСчСских цСнностСй». Автор Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ носитСлСм ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ навязываниС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСстСрнистских ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ нСприятиС Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… странах ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°. Π£Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π° гСополитичСского ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ сСтями, ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ всС ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ пространство, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ повсСмСстноС распространСниС Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ… срСдств массовой ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ высокая гСографичСская ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ возникновСнию Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡ€Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. На протяТСнии ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ мСТгосударствСнными ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ сущСствовала, хотя ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° слишком ТСсткой. Π‘ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ сама эта Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΡ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ: ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° стали основным Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ противостояния Π² 90-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ объСдинили Π² сСбС Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ опасныС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ внутригосударствСнных ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π’ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ гСополитичСских ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² эпохи Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ слСдуСт ΠΈΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ взаимодСйствиС интСрСсов Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ само ΠΏΠΎ сСбС Π·Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ носит ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ нСльзя ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· политичСской ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅; Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, минимизируя Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Ρ€Π±. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, проводимая Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния, стрСмящимися Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои стандарты всСму ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ сообщСству. Одно ΠΈΠ· самых опасных проявлСний Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния – это ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Β«Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стандартов», проявлСниСм ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ являСтся использованиС силы Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ… ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρƒ. Π’ связи с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ постСпСнно тСряСт свою ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ становятся всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ агрСссивными. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ соврСмСнной систСмы, Π΅Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ состояния амСриканских рСсурсов, политичСской Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π° сто Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ импСрском ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ осуТдСния, приняв это ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ политичСской ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Автор ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ влияниСм Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ силу «нСоСвразийства» Π² гСополитичСских построСниях большоС мСсто отводится ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎ-Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌ. ЧСловСчСство стоит Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅ качСствСнно Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° своСго развития. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны, заканчиваСтся эпоха измСнСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹: aнтропогСнная Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρƒ, ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ эту ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ приспособлСния сСбя ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСдС. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ – Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ вырвутся ΠΈΠ·- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ общСствСнного контроля, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ это Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ, нСся Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ… ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ просто Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ общСствСнныС ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ всСго чСловСчСства. ВмСсто вСстСрнистского ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ рационалистичСской Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, постСпСнно формируСтся новая цивилизация Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°Ρ… органичСского сочСтания Сдинства ΠΈ нСдСлимости ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сообщСства, с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стороны, дивСрсификации ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΡŽΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΉ – с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ. РСальной ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ сообщСствС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ, Ссли Π² Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ локально- Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ связи Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ СстСствСнноС стрСмлСниС Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ возникновСния гСополитичСских ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², отвСргая ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом всячСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ систСмы Β«Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… цСнностСй», ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ это Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ всСми Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ядСрный. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ доказываСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ исслСдовании гСополитичСского смысла ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² соврСмСнности Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² соврСмСнной Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°Π±ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ для «дСмократичСского обсуТдСния». Разброс ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ рассматриваСмой ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ понятийного Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ явлСния, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ с относящимися ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ понятиями. Π˜Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ словами, исслСдованиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ согласованного ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ понятия ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ… сущности ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ

    Semi-Wild Population of Kulans in the Bukhara Breeding Centre and Their Co-Habitation with Przewalski’s Horses

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    Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski\u27s horses initially inhabited steppe, semi-desert and desert areas, but Przewalski\u27s horses became extinct in the wild, and kulans are under threat of disappearance. The Bukhara Breeding Centre (Uzbekistan) was created in 1976 for conservation and reintroduction of wild ungulate species. In 1977-1978, five kulans (two males and three females) from Barsa-Kelmes Island on the Aral lake were introduced to the reserve. The group increased to 25-30 animals in 1995-1998, when five Przewalski\u27s horses from Moscow and St. Petersburg zoos were introduced to the same territory. We analyzed the home ranges, preferred habitats and social interactions of these closely related species during 1995-1999 by season and group composition. Horses and kulans each formed a reproductive group and a secondary bachelor group. The home range of the secondary group in both species was larger then that of the reproductive group and seemed to be less dependent on watering places. Kulans and Przewalski\u27s horses demonstrated different strategies of habitat use. They can share one area without serious conflicts, avoiding competition by the temporal differentiation in the usage of key sites

    Water-soluble carbonyl complexes of 99Tc(I) and Re(I) with adamantane-cage aminophosphines PTA and CAP

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    Pentacarbonyl complexes of 99Tc and Re [M(CAP)(CO)5]X and [M(PTA)(CO)5]X (Mβ€―=β€―99Tc or Re and Xβ€―=β€―ClO4βˆ’ or OTf–) with aminophosphine ligands 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.214,9]tridecane (CAP) and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) were prepared for the first time by the reaction of [MX(CO)5] (Mβ€―=β€―99Tc or Re, Xβ€―=β€―ClO4βˆ’ or OTf–) with CAP and PTA in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The reaction of [TcCl(CO)5] with CAP in refluxing CH2Cl2 yields the tricarbonyl complex [99TcCl(CAP)2(CO)3]. Treatment of [Re(H2O)3(CO)3]Cl with CAP in aqueous solution at 40–50β€―Β°C gives the rhenium analog [ReCl(CAP)2(CO)3]. Both penta- and tricarbonyl phosphine complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, MS) and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The [M(PTA)(CO)5]X complexes are soluble in aqueous solutions, whereas their CAP analogs are not. The CAP complexes become water-soluble after acidification with dilute acids. As the pH of their aqueous solutions increases, they start to slowly degrade at pH 8 and completely decompose at pH 14. In acidic media, the pentacarbonyl complexes undergo stepwise protonation and are stable indefinitely

    Bimetallic Pt-IrO<sub>x</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Photocatalysts for the Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light

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    Two series of bimetallic photocatalysts (0.5% Pt/0.01–0.5% IrOx/g-C3N4 and 0.1% Pt/0.01–0.1% IrOx/g-C3N4) were synthesized by the thermolysis of melamine cyanurate and a successive deposition of platinum and iridium labile complexes (Me4N)2[Pt2(ΞΌ-OH)2(NO3)8] and fac-[Ir(H2O)3(NO2)3. The synthesized photocatalysts were studied by a set of physicochemical analysis techniques. Platinum exists in two states, with up to 60% in metallic form and the rest in the Pt2+ state, while iridium is primarily oxidized to the Ir3+ state, which was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The specific surface area (SBET), which is determined by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, ranges from 80 to 100 m2 gβˆ’1 and the band gap energy (Eg) value is in the range of 2.75–2.80 eV as found by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The activity of the photocatalysts was tested in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from ultrapure water under visible light (Ξ» = 400 nm). It was found that the splitting of water occurs with the formation of the stochiometric amount of H2O2 as an oxidation product. Two photocatalysts 0.5% Pt/0.01% IrOx/g-C3N4 and 0.1% Pt/0.01% IrOx/g-C3N4 showed the highest activity at 100 ΞΌmol hβˆ’1 gcatβˆ’1, which is among the highest in H2 production published for such systems

    IFAW final report 2010

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    final report P e t r o p a v l o v s k -K a m c h a t s k y, 2 0 1
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