Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of South Padre Island, Texas

This study catalogues the flowering plants of South Padre Island, Texas. A total of 207 species in 47 families is listed. The abundance and ecological distribution of each taxon are noted. Comparisons are made with the flora of Mustang Island, Texas. Ninety-three species, 96 genera and 36 families are common to both islands. Three families, Compositae, Gramineae and Leguminosae, contain large shares of the total number of species on both islands. Apparently, much of the floral diversity is due to the presence of a large number of species that are represented by small populations

Volatile Geochemistry and Eruption Dynamics at K¯ılauea\ud Volcano, Hawai‘i

K¯ılauea volcano is one of the most extensively studied and closely monitored volcanoes on Earth and as such, is a type locality for basaltic volcanism. Eruptions are typically associated with large-volume, effusive outpourings of pahoehoe lava flows or occasional spectacular lava fountains. However, the eruptive history of the volcano is surprisingly varied and dramatic changes in behaviour have occurred over intervals of days to centuries, from periods of quiescent lava lake activity, to transient subplinian explosions and phreatomagmatic episodes

Magma mixing and high fountaining during the 1959 K īlauea Iki eruption, Hawai'i

The 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption provides a unique opportunity to investigate the process of shallow magma mixing, its impact on the magmatic volatile budget and its role in triggering and driving episodes of Hawaiian fountaining. Melt inclusions hosted by olivine record a continuous decrease in H2O concentration through the 17 episodes of the eruption, while CO2 concentrations correlate with the degree of post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on the inclusion walls. Geochemical data, when combined with the magma budget and with contemporaneous eruption observations, show complex mixing between episodes involving hot, geochemically heterogeneous melts from depth, likely carrying exsolved vapour, and melts which had erupted at the surface, degassed and drained-back into the vent. The drained-back melts acted as a coolant, inducing rapid cooling of the more primitive melts and their olivines at shallow depths and inducing crystallization and vesiculation and triggering renewed fountaining. A consequence of the mixing is that the melts became vapor-undersaturated, so equilibration pressures cannot be inferred from them using saturation models. After the melt inclusions were trapped, continued growth of vapor bubbles, caused by enhanced post-entrapment crystallization, sequestered a large fraction of CO2 from the melt within the inclusions. This study, while cautioning against accepting melt inclusion CO2 concentrations “as measured” in mixed magmas, also illustrates that careful analysis and interpretation of post-entrapment modifications can turn this apparent challenge into a way to yield novel useful insights into the geochemical controls on eruption intensity.IS was supported by a NERC-funded studentship and a USGS Jack Kleinman Grant for Volcano Research. ME acknowledges NERC ion probe grant IMF376/0509. BH’s participation was funded by NSF EAR-1145159. We acknowledge the NERC Edinburgh Ion Microprobe facility, where we undertook the SIMS analyses.This version is the author accepted manuscript and will be under embargo until the 6th of June 2015. The final version has been published by Elsevier in Earth and Planetary Science Letters here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14003264

Magnetic Domain Patterns Depending on the Sweeping Rate of Magnetic Fields

The domain patterns in a thin ferromagnetic film are investigated in both experiments and numerical simulations. Magnetic domain patterns under a zero field are usually observed after an external magnetic field is removed. It is demonstrated that the characteristics of the domain patterns depend on the decreasing rate of the external field, although it can also depend on other factors. Our numerical simulations and experiments show the following properties of domain patterns: a sea-island structure appears when the field decreases rapidly from the saturating field to the zero field, while a labyrinth structure is observed for a slowly decreasing field. The mechanism of the dependence on the field sweeping rate is discussed in terms of the concepts of crystallization.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

The impact of degassing on the oxidation state of basaltic magmas: A case study of Kīlauea volcano

Volcanic emissions link the oxidation state of the Earth's mantle to the composition of the atmosphere. Whether the oxidation state of an ascending magma follows a redox buffer – hence preserving mantle conditions – or deviates as a consequence of degassing remains under debate. Thus, further progress is required before erupted basalts can be used to infer the redox state of the upper mantle or the composition of their co-emitted gases to the atmosphere. Here we present the results of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the iron K-edge carried out for a series of melt inclusions and matrix glasses from ejecta associated with three eruptions of Kīlauea volcano (Hawai‘i). We show that the oxidation state of these melts is strongly correlated with their volatile content, particularly in respect of water and sulfur contents. We argue that sulfur degassing has played a major role in the observed reduction of iron in the melt, while the degassing of H$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ appears to have had a negligible effect on the melt oxidation state under the conditions investigated. Using gas–melt equilibrium degassing models, we relate the oxidation state of the melt to the composition of the gases emitted at Kīlauea. Our measurements and modelling yield a lower constraint on the oxygen fugacity of the mantle source beneath Kīlauea volcano, which we infer to be near the nickel nickel-oxide (NNO) buffer. Our findings should be widely applicable to other basaltic systems and we predict that the oxidation state of the mantle underneath most hotspot volcanoes is more oxidised than that of the associated lavas. We also suggest that whether the oxidation states of a basalt (in particular MORB) reflects that of its source, is primarily determined by the extent of sulfur degassing.We thank the Diamond Light Source for access to beamline I18 (proposal number SP11497-1) that contributed to the results presented here and the invaluable support during our analytical sessions from Konstantin Ignatyev. The Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History is thanked for their loan of NMNH 117393. We thank Don Swanson (HVO-USGS) for his help acquiring the samples. YM acknowledges support from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Postdoctoral Fellowship program. We are grateful to Nicole Métrich and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable comments improving the quality of the manuscript. ME and CO are supported by the Natural Environment Research Council via the Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). NP is also funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/N009312/1). NERC-funded studentship funded sample collection. ME acknowledges NERC ion probe grant IMF376/0509.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.031

Exact Solution of Return Hysteresis Loops in One Dimensional Random Field Ising Model at Zero Temperature

Minor hysteresis loops within the main loop are obtained analytically and exactly in the one-dimensional ferromagnetic random field Ising-model at zero temperature. Numerical simulations of the model show excellent agreement with the analytical results

Time scales of magma transport and mixing at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Modelling of volcanic processes is strongly limited by a poor knowledge of the timescales of storage, mixing and final ascent of magmas into the shallowest portions of volcanic 'plumbing' systems immediately prior to eruption. It is impossible to measure these timescales directly; however, micro-analytical techniques provide indirect estimates based on the extent of diffusion of species through melts and crystals. Here, diffusion in olivine phenocrysts from the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption is used to constrain the timing of mixing events in the crustal plumbing system on timescales of months to years before eruption. The timescales derived from zonation of Fe-Mg in olivines, combined with contemporaneous geophysical data suggests mixing occurred on 3 timescales: (1) up to 2 years prior to eruption in the deep storage system, (2), in a shallow reservoir, between incoming hot melts and cooler, resident melt for several weeks to months prior to eruption, and (3), in the conduit and summit reservoir, between the resident magma and cooled surface lava, draining back into the vent on timescales of hours to several days during pauses between episodes. Synchronous inflation of the shallow reservoir with deep earthquake swarms and mixing suggests a fitfully open transcrustal magmatic system prior to and during eruption.We acknowledge NERC studentship funds (I. Sides) and a United States Geological Survey Jack Kleinman grant, which allowed samples for this study to be collected.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the Geological Society of America via https://doi.org/10.1130/G37800.

Stationary State Solutions of a Bond Diluted Kinetic Ising Model: An Effective-Field Theory Analysis

We have examined the stationary state solutions of a bond diluted kinetic Ising model under a time dependent oscillating magnetic field within the effective-field theory (EFT) for a honeycomb lattice $(q=3)$. Time evolution of the system has been modeled with a formalism of master equation. The effects of the bond dilution, as well as the frequency $(\omega)$ and amplitude $(h/J)$ of the external field on the dynamic phase diagrams have been discussed in detail. We have found that the system exhibits the first order phase transition with a dynamic tricritical point (DTCP) at low temperature and high amplitude regions, in contrast to the previously published results for the pure case \cite{Ling}. Bond dilution process on the kinetic Ising model gives rise to a number of interesting and unusual phenomena such as reentrant phenomena and has a tendency to destruct the first-order transitions and the DTCP. Moreover, we have investigated the variation of the bond percolation threshold as functions of the amplitude and frequency of the oscillating field.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Solvable Kinetic Gaussian Model in External Field

In this paper, the single-spin transition dynamics is used to investigate the kinetic Gaussian model in a periodic external field. We first derive the fundamental dynamic equations, and then treat an isotropic d-dimensional hypercubic lattice Gaussian spin system with Fourier's transformation method. We obtain exactly the local magnetization and the equal-time pair correlation function. The critical characteristics of the dynamical, the complex susceptibility, and the dynamical response are discussed. The results show that the time evolution of the dynamical quantities and the dynamical responses of the system strongly depend on the frequency and the wave vector of the external field.Comment: 11 page