Creation-From Pre-Eternity To Probability (Al-Jadid) Tahafut Al-Falasifah) A Contribution To The History Of Muslim Philosophy

It is not the physical world consist in itself as to what reality is, but proof of ultimate reality. Reality does not change by changing the process rather attributable quality named from A to B or This to that but essence remains the same. Process in metaphysics has two inseparable parts according to philosophers, cause and effect, which in any case intrinsic to every event coming into being. Denying either one makes impossibility of event. Once cause with all necessary condition fulfilled, cannot delay its effect by necessity, which is the sole premise with philosophers to assume worlds pre-eternity. On the contrary, according to Islamic theologians, it is not necessary and condition for event to have causal connection and it is possible to delay effect in presence of cause also and this is possible in conventional as well as rational and reasoning level. The central issue rose by Imam Al-Gazali (rahmatullahali) in his`Tahafut Al-falasifa concerning the world’s pre-eternity rotate around the cause and effect. He showed the incoherence of arguments posed by philosophers and proposed that it’s possible to delay the effect. Now, after 800 years, creation already unveiled my steries in the form, which both the parties (Philosophers and theologians) did not know. However, who won the debate over world’s pre-eternity is still open. This paper will try to fill that gap by attempting direct discussion of Tahafut Al-falasifa on the issue of world pre-eternity, considering cause and effect as central debate and will show that what Imam Al-Gazali (rahmatullahali) proposed was correct: The delay in effect with cause is possible. This will be a contribution to the Islamic theology collecting physical facts from science, which anyhow reached to the same level where it meets metaphysics. This will be the latest debate on the issue, and provide new insights on some of core results of scientific theories, which are not considered yet

Literature Review: Biomimetic and Conventional Aircraft Wing Tips

This paper is an attempt to summarize the effect of wing tip devices employed by birds, as well as aeronautical engineers in the past to improve the performance characteristics of aircraft. The focus is on reduction of the induced drag or drag due to lift also known as inviscid drag. This paper will provide an insight on both biomimetic and conventional wing tip approaches to reduce the induced drag. Prior analysis and experiments on the aerodynamics of airplane performance due to both these separate studies have been discussed. The needs of the industry and their past inventions have been described briefly as well as new areas to be explored have been highlighted. NOTE: This article is not peer reviewed

Experimental investigation of a new spiral wingtip

Experiments on the relative merits and demerits of slotted wingtips mimicking a bird’s primary feathers have been performed. The real emargination length of feather tips, their flexibility and curved shapes during cruise are considered in the present study. The experiments were performed at a Reynolds number of 3.7 x 105 on a symmetric flat plate half wing of aspect ratio 3. Lift, drag and pitching moments were measured using a six component aerodynamic balance. Four different shapes inspired by bird primary feathers have been analysed. The rigid curved tip performed the best increasing the L/D ratio by 20%. This improvement has been compared with forty different wingtips model available in the literature which shows that rigid curved tip provide better L/D performance. Based on this improvement the key performance indicator of Jet and propeller airplane has been calculated that shows a 7.8% and 9% increase in range for propeller and Jet airplane, respectively

Creation - From Pre-Eternity to Probability(Al-Jadid Tahafut Al-Falasifah) A Contribution to The History of Muslim Philosiphy

It is not the physical world consist in itself as to what reality is, but proof of ultimate reality. Reality does not change by changing the process rather attributable quality named from A to B or This to that but essence remains the same. Process in metaphysics has two inseparable parts according to philosophers, cause and effect, which in any case intrinsic to every event coming into being. Denying either one makes impossibility of event. Once cause with all necessary condition fulfilled, cannot delay its effect by necessity, which is the sole premise with philosophers to assume worlds pre-eternity. On the contrary, according to Islamic theologians, it is not necessary and condition for event to have causal connection and it is possible to delay effect in presence of cause also and this is possible in conventional as well as rational and reasoning level. The central issue rose by Imam Al-Gazali (rahmatullahali) in his `Tahafut Al-falasifa concerning the world?s pre-eternity rotate around the cause and effect. He showed the incoherence of arguments posed by philosophers and proposed that it?s possible to delay the effect. Now, after 800 years, creation already unveiled mysteries in the form, which both the parties (Philosophers and theologians) did not know. However, who won the debate over world?s pre-eternity is still open. This paper will try to fill that gap by attempting direct discussion of Tahafut Al-falasifa on the issue of world pre-eternity, considering cause and effect as central debate and will show that what Imam Al-Gazali (rahmatullahali) proposed was correct: The delay in effect with cause is possible. This will be a contribution to the Islamic theology collecting physical facts from science, which anyhow reached to the same level where it meets metaphysics. This will be the latest debate on the issue, and provide new insights on some of core results of scientific theories, which are not considered yet

The prophecy of green Arabia and the possibility of miracle: a refutation of David Hume’s theory of no miracle

Despite the claim of scientific methodology to avoid revelation as a source of knowledge, the revelation inherently is science-friendly, and for some cases, the torchbearer unveils the mysteries of this universe. Hence, it can surely benefit the natural sciences particularly and humanity in general; and there are numerous apodictic connecting the revelation and the universe. However, western scholars, specifically David Hume denied altogether such relation that amplifies his argument to no miracle fantasy. This article attempts to analyse one of the prophecies of Prophet of Islam Muhammad (Øal Allah-u-‘alaihe wa sallam), regarding an ancient event that fixed the course of earth’s behaviour and hence further aggrandizes the deep democracy working beneath the verses and natural laws. This prophecy, according to ×adÊth claims to engage with the ecological changes occurred in the Arabian Peninsula in the ancient time and unveils that Arabian Peninsula will become green again with rivers flowing abundantly. It signifies that Arabia was green and will return to its previous state of greenery in the future. At first, this research narrates and explains the ×adÊth in detail followed by an exposition of David Hume’s no miracle theory based on testimonies. The arguments have been presented to support the idea of a green Arabia in the past and how it will regain its greenery by considering scientific facts so far. It became apparent that, while considering the ice and warm ages along with abundant natural resources, the ×adÊth is proven. It led to the complete denial of David Humes’s no miracle theory according to his definition of testimonies. Therefore, this paper established two important aims, at first, it breaks the conventional framework of Western scholarship that did toil attempts to alienate revelation as a source of knowledge. Second; for the first time it brings such a ×adÊth and contextualizes it with scientific facts, besides providing answers of the implications. Moreover, how the revelation describes the process of earth-in-making through ecological changes of millions of years. Hence, the Miracle is a part of natural law

The Islamic root of sympathy based morality: a case study of Adam Smith, Darwin and their relation with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

What brings morality into existence found extensive interpretation since ancient times and one is more persuading than the other. However, following the enlightenment’s empirical approach to which Darwin and Adam Smith turned their attention for every moral dilemma lies in the concept of Sympathy. Both the authors believe, though without logical proof but based on the observation that it is the innate consciousness of Sympathy towards fellow beings responsible for the judgment on morality. Adam smith combined the struggle and sentiments as the sole premise to judge an ethical approach in society. Darwin with his concept of the evolution struggled to explain that sympathy in human lineage evolved into social instincts that gave it a more general flavor, strict empiricism. The question this article formulates is that was the concept of morality based on sympathy was a new and Western concept? Therefore, at first this article will detail the concepts of sympathy understood by Adam Smith and Darwin. It will highlight the process and situation behind such approach contextualizing the role of evolution. In the second part this article will discuss this concept of sympathy based morality in the teachings of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) where he not only understood the nature of human existence but also evolved a new Medinan society. Moreover, it shows the contrasts and similarities between Islamic and Western understanding of sympathy based morality. Hence, it opens a new window to look at intellectual heritage and their relations

A novel critique on ‘The scientific miracle of Qur’an philosophy’: an inter-civilization debate

In recent decades we have been given one of the most interesting concepts in Islamic intellectual history, `the scientific miracle of Qur’an whereby the proponents have almost established the scientific theories in the Qur’an. However, such ardent claims must not come to be without any inspiration and methodology. This article, firstly, tries to trace the inspiration of such concept and then describe the methodology. However, as exciting as this concept seems, the methodology brings forth a very negative approach to prove the miracle of the Qur’an, which is value free. That negative value free mentality which is related to the status of prophet of Islam will be exposed and it will detail how the status of prophet of Islam was abated so badly to prove the science from the Qur’an. To counter this negative narrative and to reveal the true status of prophet of Islam, arguments will be presented from the Qur’an and Ḥadith which are incontrovertible. Let it be known than, this analysis is not general but particular. However, it will be a novel critique to re-visit this concept

Literature review : Biomimetic and conventional aircraft wing tips

This paper is an attempt to summarize the effect of wing tip devices employed by birds, as well as aeronautical engineers in the past to improve the performance characteristics of aircraft. The focus is on reduction of the induced drag or drag due to lift also known as inviscid drag. This paper will provide an insight on both biomimetic & conventional wing tip approaches to reduce the induced drag. Prior analysis and experiments on the aerodynamics of airplane performance due to both these separate studies have been discussed. The needs of the industry and their past inventions have been described briefly as well as new areas to be explored have been highlighted