Donde nace la carencia: La emergencia del sujeto poético vallejiano en Los heraldos negros

Under this title –that parodies Donde nace la lluvia, title given in 1960 by Neruda to the first volume of Isla Negra: A Notebook (1964)–, this work intends to analyse the emergence, in Los heraldos negros, of the theme of loss or deficiency, which, since Trilce, as I’ve tried in other occasions to show, confers on Cesar Vallejo’s poetry its unity and coherence. Many critics have judged harshly the modernist presence in The Black Heralds, reproach­ing it for being a hindrance to the genuine expression of the vallejan voice. This point of view will be discussed through a re-reading of «Retable». The last part of the poem intro­duces us to what will be the matrix of the theme of loss, to wit: the contradiction between religious faith and mortal experience, together with the crisis –illustrated by poems such as «Espergesia» or «Absolute»– that follows on. After which we’ll explore the repercussions of that crisis on the various thematic levels of the oeuvre: the absence of home, American­ity, the erotic experience, leaving open the conclusion on the posterity of loss as a theme in future books.Bajo este título (que parodia el título, «Donde nace la lluvia»), dado por Pablo Neruda al primer tomo de su Memorial de Isla Negra (1964): el trabajo se dedica a analizar la emer­gencia, en Los heraldos negros, de aquel «sujeto de la carencia» que, de Trilce en adelante, confiere a la poesía de César Vallejo, como he tratado de mostrarlo en otras ocasiones, su unidad y su coherencia. Muchos críticos han ponderado severamente la presencia modernista en Los heraldos ne­gros reprochándole ser un obstáculo a la expresión auténtica de la voz vallejiana. Se discu­tirá este punto de vista proponiendo una relectura. del poema «Retablo». La parte final del poema nos introducirá a lo que va a constituir la matriz del sujeto de la carencia: la contra­dicción entre la fe religiosa y la experiencia temporal, y la crisis –ejemplificada por poemas tales como «Espergesia» o «Absoluta»– que de ella resulta. Se examinará a continuación las incidencias de esta crisis en los principales niveles temáticos de la obra: la ausencia del hogar, la americanidad, la experiencia erótica, dejando la conclusión abierta sobre la poste­ridad que ha de tener el sujeto de la carencia en los libros por venir

La épica como pasión: reflexión sobre el exordio de España, aparta de mí este cáliz

España, aparta de mí este cáliz representa un desafío para el poeta que acaba de escribir los poemas luego reunidos bajo el título de Poemas humanos. ¿Cómo congeniar la celebración épica que exige la circunstancia histórica con una poética de la experiencia existencial? Poema singular, ambiguo —y poco comentado—, «Imagen española de muerte» ejemplifica esta dificultad

Characterisation of the electric drive of EV: on-road versus off-road method

For system design, analysis of global performance and energy management of electric vehicles (EVs), it is common to use the efficiency map of electric traction drive. The characterisation of the efficiency map with high accuracy is then an important issue. In this study, an on-road method and an off-road method are compared experimentally to determine the efficiency map of electric drive of EVs. The off-road method requires a dedicated experimental test bed, which is expensive and time consuming. The on-road method is achieved directly in-vehicle. Experimental data, recorded during an on-road driving cycle, are used to determine the efficiency map using non-intrusive measurements from global positioning system antenna, voltage and current sensors. A versatile experimental setup is used to compare both methods on the same platform. A maximal efficiency difference of 6% is achieved in most of the torque–speed plane. It is shown that, in an energetic point of view, both methods yield similar results. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 201

Comparative Pro-cognitive and Neurochemical Profiles of Glycine Modulatory Site Agonists and Glycine Reuptake Inhibitors in the Rat: Potential Relevance to Cognitive Dysfunction and Its Management

© 2020, The Author(s). Frontocortical NMDA receptors are pivotal in regulating cognition and mood, are hypofunctional in schizophrenia, and may contribute to autistic spectrum disorders. Despite extensive interest in agents potentiating activity at the co-agonist glycine modulatory site, few comparative functional studies exist. This study systematically compared the actions of the glycine reuptake inhibitors, sarcosine (40–200mg/kg) and ORG24598 (0.63–5mg/kg), the agonists, glycine (40–800mg/kg), and D-serine (10–160mg/kg) and the partial agonists, S18841 (2.5mg/kg s.c.) and D-cycloserine (2.5–40mg/kg) that all dose-dependently prevented scopolamine disruption of social recognition in adult rats. Over similar dose ranges, they also prevented a delay-induced impairment of novel object recognition (NOR). Glycine reuptake inhibitors specifically elevated glycine but not D-serine levels in rat prefrontal cortical (PFC) microdialysates, while glycine and D-serine markedly increased levels of glycine and D-serine, respectively. D-Cycloserine slightly elevated D-serine levels. Conversely, S18841 exerted no influence on glycine, D-serine, other amino acids, monamines, or acetylcholine. Reversal of NOR deficits by systemic S18841 was prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP (20mg/kg), and the glycine modulatory site antagonist, L701,324 (10mg/kg). S18841 blocked deficits in NOR following microinjection into the PFC (2.5–10μg/side) but not the striatum. Finally, in rats socially isolated from weaning (a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia), S18841 (2.5 and 10mg/kgs.c.) reversed impairment of NOR and contextual fear-motivated learning without altering isolation-induced hyperactivity. In conclusion, despite contrasting neurochemical profiles, partial glycine site agonists and glycine reuptake inhibitors exhibit comparable pro-cognitive effects in rats of potential relevance to treatment of schizophrenia and other brain disorders where cognitive performance is impaired

Virulence and Pathogen Multiplication: A Serial Passage Experiment in the Hypervirulent Bacterial Insect-Pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila

The trade-off hypothesis proposes that the evolution of pathogens' virulence is shaped by a link between virulence and contagiousness. This link is often assumed to come from the fact that pathogens are contagious only if they can reach high parasitic load in the infected host. In this paper we present an experimental test of the hypothesis that selection on fast replication can affect virulence. In a serial passage experiment, we selected 80 lines of the bacterial insect-pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila to multiply fast in an artificial culture medium. This selection resulted in shortened lag phase in our selected bacteria. We then injected these bacteria into insects and observed an increase in virulence. This could be taken as a sign that virulence in Xenorhabdus is linked to fast multiplication. But we found, among the selected lineages, either no link or a positive correlation between lag duration and virulence: the most virulent bacteria were the last to start multiplying. We then surveyed phenotypes that are under the control of the flhDC super regulon, which has been shown to be involved in Xenorhabdus virulence. We found that, in one treatment, the flhDC regulon has evolved rapidly, but that the changes we observed were not connected to virulence. All together, these results indicate that virulence is, in Xenorhabdus as in many other pathogens, a multifactorial trait. Being able to grow fast is one way to be virulent. But other ways exist which renders the evolution of virulence hard to predict