Immunohistochemical analysis of NaPi2b protein (MX35 antigen) expression and subcellular localization in human normal and cancer tissues

Aim: To study the expression profile of the NaPi2b protein and its localization in breast, ovarian and lung cancer cells in relation to normal tissues adjacent to tumor. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis with monoclonal antibody MX35 was applied for investigation of NaPi2b protein expression in breast, lung and ovarian carcinomas. Intensity of NaPi2b protein expression was calculated with semiquantitative scores. Results: NaPi2b (MX35) protein expression was detected in breast, lung and ovarian cancer cells and adjacent normal tissue. We have shown that in contrast to ovarian tumors in breast and lung tumors NaPi2b expression is down regulated comparing to correspondent normal tissues. Conclusion: This study provides the data on the pattern of NaPi2b expression and cellular localization in breast, lung and ovarian cancers, which might be useful for understanding the mechanism of transport and maintenance of inorganic phosphate in cancer and normal cells, as well as for developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches based on MX35 monoclonal antibody

Система фізичного виховання учнів загальноосвітніх шкіл Польщі та України (ХVI – початок ХХI століття): порівняльний аналіз

У монографії здійснено аналіз, узагальнення й порівняння в історичному роз-різі багатовікового досвіду становлення та розвитку системи фізичного виховання в загальноосвітніх школах Польщі й України протягом ХVI – початку ХХІ ст. Для студентів, аспірантів, учителів фізичної культури, наукових працівників та викладачів вищих навчальних закладів, усіх, хто цікавиться проблемою зарубіж-ного й українського досвіду в галузі фізичного виховання дітей та молоді

Quantitative analysis of SLC34A2 expression in different types of ovarian tumors

Aim: The main purpose of this study was to estimate the SLC34A2 gene expression in normal ovary and different types of ovarian tumors. Methods: We have investigated SLC34A2 gene expression level in papillary serous, endometrioid, unspecified adenocarcinomas, benign tumors, and normal ovarian tissues using real-time PCR analysis. Differences in gene expression were calculated as fold changes in gene expression in ovarian carcinomas and benign tumors compared to normal ovary. Results: We have found that SLC34A2 gene was highly expressed in well-differentiated endometrioid and papillary serous ovarian carcinomas compared to low-differentiated endometrioid carcinomas, benign serous cystoadenomas and normal ovary. Analysis of SLC34A2 gene expression according to tumor differentiation level (poor- and well-differentiated) showed that SLC34A2 is up-regulated in well differentiated tumors. Conclusion: Upregulation of SLC34A2 gene expression in well-differentiated tumors may reflect cell differentiation processes during ovarian cancerogenesis and could serve as potential marker for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis

DNA replication stress restricts ribosomal DNA copy number

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) in budding yeast are encoded by ~100–200 repeats of a 9.1kb sequence arranged in tandem on chromosome XII, the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus. Copy number of rDNA repeat units in eukaryotic cells is maintained far in excess of the requirement for ribosome biogenesis. Despite the importance of the repeats for both ribosomal and non-ribosomal functions, it is currently not known how “normal” copy number is determined or maintained. To identify essential genes involved in the maintenance of rDNA copy number, we developed a droplet digital PCR based assay to measure rDNA copy number in yeast and used it to screen a yeast conditional temperature-sensitive mutant collection of essential genes. Our screen revealed that low rDNA copy number is associated with compromised DNA replication. Further, subculturing yeast under two separate conditions of DNA replication stress selected for a contraction of the rDNA array independent of the replication fork blocking protein, Fob1. Interestingly, cells with a contracted array grew better than their counterparts with normal copy number under conditions of DNA replication stress. Our data indicate that DNA replication stresses select for a smaller rDNA array. We speculate that this liberates scarce replication factors for use by the rest of the genome, which in turn helps cells complete DNA replication and continue to propagate. Interestingly, tumors from mini chromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2)-deficient mice also show a loss of rDNA repeats. Our data suggest that a reduction in rDNA copy number may indicate a history of DNA replication stress, and that rDNA array size could serve as a diagnostic marker for replication stress. Taken together, these data begin to suggest the selective pressures that combine to yield a “normal” rDNA copy number

Rif1 maintains telomeres and mediates DNA repair by encasing DNA ends

In yeast, Rif1 is part of the telosome, where it inhibits telomerase and checkpoint signaling at chromosome ends. In mammalian cells, Rif1 is not telomeric, but it suppresses DNA end resection at chromosomal breaks, promoting repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we describe crystal structures for the uncharacterized and conserved ∼125-kDa N-terminal domain of Rif1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Rif1-NTD), revealing an α-helical fold shaped like a shepherd's crook. We identify a high-affinity DNA-binding site in the Rif1-NTD that fully encases DNA as a head-to-tail dimer. Engagement of the Rif1-NTD with telomeres proved essential for checkpoint control and telomere length regulation. Unexpectedly, Rif1-NTD also promoted NHEJ at DNA breaks in yeast, revealing a conserved role of Rif1 in DNA repair. We propose that tight associations between the Rif1-NTD and DNA gate access of processing factors to DNA ends, enabling Rif1 to mediate diverse telomere maintenance and DNA repair functions

Macro- and Microscopic Structural Features of the Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus in Humans

Since ancient times the study of one part of the brain - the cerebellum - has attracted the attention of many researchers, however, neither anatomy of the cerebellum, nor its function remain fully studied. The nuclei of the cerebellum, including the dentate nucleus are not sufficiently studied. The structural features of the cerebellar dentate nucleus of human in ontogenesis and its topographic and anatomic location are important not only for anatomists, physiologists, but also for clinicians in order to solve any questions relating to the pathology of the nervous system successfully.The study of the structure of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and its functional features is necessary for clinicians to elaborate rational operational accesses to its formations, and establish the exact boundaries of localization of pathological processes in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and adjoining white matter. In this context, the objective of this study was to establish macro- and microscopic features of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. The study was carried out on 340 preparations of human cerebellum using traditional and modern morphological methods: macroscopic, macro- and microscopic, morphometric, histotopographical, histological (hematoxylin and eosin staining, resorcin-fuchsin staining (Krutsay), Pat. 65245 Ukraine, the Method of Histological Staining of Nerve Fibers) and statistical analysis. Macro- and microscopic features of the dentate nucleus were established. On the series of cerebellar sections in a horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes, as well as macro-microscopic preparations of cerebellar dentate nucleus, topographo-anatomical location, shape, line size, structure and course of grey plate were established. The peculiarities of macro- and microscopic histological structure of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum were described. Own classification of convolutions and teeth of dentate nucleus of the cerebellum was established

Morphological Features of the Cerebellar Nuclei

Modern neurological clinic, as well as neurosurgery and neuromorphology, constantly require further research of the morphological structure of the cerebellar nuclei. The study of clinical anatomy of the cerebellar nuclei, as well as their functional characteristics is necessary for clinicians to elaborate rational surgical access to these structures and determine the localization of pathological processes in the cerebellar nuclei, etc.The objective of the research was to establish the morphological characteristics of the cerebellar nuclei. The study was performed on 340 specimens of human cerebellum using traditional and modern morphological research methods such as: macroscopic, macro-microscopic, morphometric, histotopographical, histological (hematoxylin-eosin, by Krutsay, by Pat. 65245 Ukraine, methods of nerve fibers staining of histological specimen) and statistical analyses. The morphological features of the human cerebellar nuclei were established. Namely, on the series of sections of the cerebellum in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes, as well as on the macro-microscopic preparations of the cerebellar nuclei location, their relative position, shape, linear dimensions, weight and volume were described. The features of macro-microscopic and histological structures of the cerebellar nuclei were made.

Expenditure structure formation in the process of crop production intensification

Methodological and practical aspects of expenditure division into permanent and variable in crop production have been considered in the paper. A graphical method was used to determine the value of constant expenditure in the production of wheat and maize for grain on the example of agricultural enterprises of Kharkiv region. This analysis was carried out as a whole for all costs, as well as for individual articles. It has been found that the value of constant expenditure varies depending on the level of production intensity. Changes in the proportion of constant expenditure in their general value were nonlinear, characterized by a decrease in the relative magnitude of constant expenditure of enterprises with the most intensive level of production. This allows the given group of companies to have a higher level of competitiveness and a lower level of production risk. The author’s approach to determination of constant expenditure proportion has been proposed by calculation of the constant expenditure structure coefficient. This coefficient allows you to determine the proportion of constant expenditure more precisely by taking into account its value by individual articles. On the example of enterprises engaged in the production of wheat and corn for grain we have calculated coefficients of the constant expenditure structure. The obtained results have confirmed nonlinear dependence of changes in the value of constant expenditure, depending on the level of production intensit

Моделювання комунікації між громадою та владою в процесі виконання соціальних проектів в контексті е-демократії та публічного адміністрування

The purpose of the research. Electronic democracy tools provide many new channels for interaction between the government and the community during the process of social projects implementation. This new factor for Ukraine requires significant communication between the authorities and the public. In this article the problem of power and the public interaction under the conditions of social projects implementation are considered in the context of e-democracy and public administration. Methodology. To aggregate the individual preferences the Hoteling model was used in the article. It allows proposing the new functional model for the interaction between authorities and the public. This model includes such compulsory components like electronic media and a group of experts and analysts. Results. The development of the public through the social projects implementation requires two conditions: a large number of people belonging to the “middle class” (there preferences not differ much from the median voter); all middle class voters should have full and objective information about the consequences of the decision. E-democracy and e-government must comply with these two conditions. In this sense we have to understand the D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson’s thesis about that the political institutions (which are crucial for involving as much as possible the public to making decision) determine successful development of society. Activities of state and regional authorities are carried out under the condition of such projects implementation. Practical meaning. E-democracy requires society involvement at all stages of projects development and implementation. Taking into account this aspect in the proposed model of communication allows not only effectively transmit information from the authorities to the public about social project for analysis and substantiation but effectively influence the decisions of power structures. Prospects for further research. The dominant factor is the combination of experts and analysts, as well as their relationship with the society and power by channels of electronic media communication. It provides for the social group, in which the median voter is located, the obtaining of all needed information to making the optimal choice. The set of feedbacks between the public and the authorities allows for effective management of socio-economic development of society.Мета дослідження. Засоби електронної демократії надають велику кількість нових каналів для взаємодії між владою громадою. Ця нова для України обставина висуває потужні виклики до комунікації між владою та громадою. В статті поставлено задачу про взаємодію громади та влади в контексті електронної демократії та публічного управління. Методологія. Використано модель Хотелінга для агрегації переваг окремих людей, що дозволило запропонувати нову функціональну модель взаємодії органів ї влади та громади. Вона включає в себе електронні ЗМІ та спільноту експертів та аналітиків як обов’язкові складові. Результати. Розвиток громади вимагає наявності двох умов: 1) достатньо великої кількості людей, які належать до «середнього класу» (тобто переваги яких не сильно відрізняються від медіанного виборця); та 2) всі виборці «середнього класу» повинні мати повну та об’єктивну інформацію про наслідки рішення, яке вини повинні прийняти. Електронна демократія та електронне урядування повинні зосереджуватися навколо виконання цих двох умов. Саме в цьому сенсі слід розуміти тезу Д. Аджемоглу та Дж. Робінсона про те, що політичні інститути (які є вирішальними для залучення якомога більшого загалу людей до прийняття рішень) визначають успіх на шляху до розвиненого суспільства. Діяльність органів державної та регіональної влади здійснюється в рамках виконання окремих проектів. Практичне значення. Електронна демократія вимагає залучення громади на всіх етапах розробки та реалізації проекту. Врахування цього в запропонованій моделі комунікації дозволяє ефективно як доводити інформацію для аналізу та обґрунтування від влади до громади, так і громаді ефективно впливати на рішення влади. Перспективи подальших досліджень. Вирішальним чинником виступає сукупність експертів та аналітиків, а також їх зв’язок із громадою та владою каналами комунікації (в ролі яких виступають електронні ЗМІ). Тоді соціальна група, в якій знаходиться медіанний виборець, отримує всю повноту інформації, яка необхідна для здійснення оптимального вибору. А сукупність зворотних зв’язків між громадою та владою дозволяють здійснити ефективне управління соціально-економічного розвитком суспільства

Socio-Psychological Criteria of the Formation of Gender Stereotypes of Appearance

The article considers the socio-psychological criteria for the formation of gender stereotypes of appearance. The priority of the study is implementing a system of criteria for gender stereotypes of appearance, taking into account the system of socio-psychological factors and gender-oriented forms of prevention of overcoming sexism and discrimination on the grounds of personality attractiveness. It is substantiated that social evaluation through physical criteria creates several psychological problems because the "physical self" is an essential component of the "self-concept" and one of the criteria of self-esteem. It is proved that the properties of gender stereotypes coincide with the social ones. They are the bearer of emotional and evaluative characteristics, taking into account the group of values associated with the ambivalence of ideas about another. A methodical approach to the assessment of gender stereotypes of appearance and personality is proposed, which allows determining the criteria of human well-being, taking into account discrimination factors, intrapersonal parameters of affective-negative perception of one's appearance and self-concept, as well as the aesthetic perception of identity. An assessment of socio-psychological factors of gender stereotypes of appearance, which is based on the methodological provisions of psychoanalysis and humanism, cognitive paradigm, dispositional theory, cross-cultural approach, and some sociological studies, is carried out. As an experiment on empirical verification of the stereotypes of appearance, their gender differences, and socio-psychological factors, a set of methods of psychological diagnosis is used, which allow determining indicators of stereotypes of appearance, self-esteem, and attitude to beauty; socio-psychological criteria for the formation of gender stereotypes of appearance. A methodology for assessing the criteria for improving the attitude of respondents to their own appearance by determining the level of self-esteem, satisfaction with appearance, awareness of gender differences in appearance, and the desire to improve their own appearance in case of discrimination has been developed and implemented