Skin Cancer Detection using CNN (VGG16) inculcated with CLAH and Gaussian Filter

Many techniques related to image analysis have been proposed by researchers which are being used to detect a large number of diseases.  These images are carefully analyzed by radiologists and doctors, and after careful interpretation, the results are obtained which finally help in making an appropriate diagnosis. This is a complicated and time consuming task, which requires high levels of concentration.  Therefore, the experts who analyze the images mustn't suffer from fatigue or other common problems that can impair their performance. The present study attempts to reveal how a deep learning model using CNN with VGG16 is effective for the diagnosis and detection of skin cancer at its early stages. Therefore under the scheme, the 4000 images of raw skin cancer tissues are evaluated. The diagnostic model starts with pre-processing of images using the CLAHE along with the inculcation of the Gaussian filter. Thereafter, using hyper-parameter optimizer stochastic gradient descent, along with the effective learning rate 0.001, incorporating the training epochs of 50 nos. and pertaining the batch size 32 is formed. Consequently, as a result, the accuracy achieved is 99.70%, with a loss value of 0.0055%, a precision of 99.75%, a recall of 99.75%, and an f1-score of 99.50% respectively

An Automatic Detection of Brain Tumor using CNN & VGG19

According to the 2019 cancer statistics by WHO, brain tumors are considered the main cause of mortality related to cancer throughout the world and are known as one of the most common forms of cancer both in children as well as adults. Among the most common brain tumors, we have those that begin and tend to remain in the brain, which as meningioma with 34% of presence, another type of tumor is called glioma, arising from the surrounding tissue in the brain, it is part of 30% of all tumors in the brain, however, this glioma represents 80% of malignant tumors, making it the most common tumor common that causes death. However, this scheme depicts how convolutional neural networks using VGG19 model can provide an effective mechanism to detect brain tumors at an early stage using MRI images and can save the lives of mankind. Consequently, this research classified glioma brain tumor images using VGG-19 with HE preprocessing data. The model was tested to get a comparison of accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score of the two test data, namely the original data and HE data. Based on the results of model testing, we can see in table2  that the original data produced the highest values of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, with values of 97% accuracy, 100% precision, 97% recall, and 98% f1 score. While data using HE preprocessing has an accuracy value of 92%, precision of 100%, recall of 92%, and f1 score of 96%t.

Polymorphisms of TNF-enhancer and gene for FcγRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Susceptibility/resistance to <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>malaria has been correlated with polymorphisms in more than 30 human genes with most association analyses having been carried out on patients from Africa and south-east Asia. The aim of this study was to examine the possible contribution of genetic variants in the <it>TNF </it>and <it>FCGR2A </it>genes in determining severity/resistance to <it>P. falciparum </it>malaria in Indian subjects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Allelic frequency distribution in populations across India was first determined by typing genetic variants of the <it>TNF </it>enhancer and the <it>FCGR2A </it>G/A SNP in 1871 individuals from 55 populations. Genotyping was carried out by DNA sequencing, single base extension (SNaPshot), and DNA mass array (Sequenom). Plasma TNF was determined by ELISA. Comparison of datasets was carried out by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Haplotypes and LD plots were generated by PHASE and Haploview, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) for risk assessment was calculated using EpiInfo™ version 3.4.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -76 was identified in the <it>TNF </it>enhancer along with other reported variants. Five <it>TNF </it>enhancer SNPs and the <it>FCGR2A </it>R131H (G/A) SNP were analyzed for association with severity of <it>P. falciparum </it>malaria in a malaria-endemic and a non-endemic region of India in a case-control study with ethnically-matched controls enrolled from both regions. <it>TNF </it>-1031C and -863A alleles as well as homozygotes for the TNF enhancer haplotype CACGG (-1031T>C, -863C>A, -857C>T, -308G>A, -238G>A) correlated with enhanced plasma TNF levels in both patients and controls. Significantly higher TNF levels were observed in patients with severe malaria. Minor alleles of -1031 and -863 SNPs were associated with increased susceptibility to severe malaria. The high-affinity IgG2 binding FcγRIIa AA (131H) genotype was significantly associated with protection from disease manifestation, with stronger association observed in the malaria non-endemic region. These results represent the first genetic analysis of the two immune regulatory molecules in the context of <it>P. falciparum </it>severity/resistance in the Indian population.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Association of specific <it>TNF </it>and <it>FCGR2A </it>SNPs with cytokine levels and disease severity/resistance was indicated in patients from areas with differential disease endemicity. The data emphasizes the need for addressing the contribution of human genetic factors in malaria in the context of disease epidemiology and population genetic substructure within India.</p

Interaction of naproxen with calcium carbonate: physicochemical characterization and in vitro drug release studies

Interaction and physicochemical characterization of dispersions of naproxen in calcium carbonate after freeze-drying the wet-state equilibrated mixture have been investigated by analytical methods. The FT-IR study revealed the acid-base reaction between naproxen and calcium carbonate. The DSC study indicated physical interaction and significantly diminished crystallinity of naproxen in the formulation containing higher quantities of calcium carbonate. Furthermore, the SEM study showed the reduced particle size and loss of crystalline morphology in the same sample. Drug release increased with the increase of calcium carbonate in the formulations. Formulation of naproxen with calcium carbonate in 1:2 ratio allowed its dissolution to the greatest extent (94.96%) while other compositions, 1:0.5 and 1:1, showed 80.86% and 78.30% release, respectively

CT Guided FNAC of lung mass – A retrospective study of Disease Spectrum

CT guided FNAC is a well established method in the cytological diagnosis of pulmonary lesion. Aim: Aim of our study is to evaluate the pathological spectrum of disease in lump through CT guided FNAC. Material &amp; method: 69 causes were evaluated retrospectively for a period of 4 yrs. Result: out of 69 cases 52.1% were male. Mean age was 54. 34 years. 65.2% having malignant lesion &amp; 34.7% have benign. Adeno CA was the predominant malignant tumour. Conclusion: CT guided FNAC can diagnose pulmonary lesion fairly accurately leading to less morbidity &amp; mortality as treatment can be started early

Our experience with CEA in the management of colorectal cancer – a prospective study

Introduction : In India, colorectal cancer is the 6th most prevalent cancer and population based time trend studies show a rising trend in its incidence. CEA is expressed in significant amounts post-natally by the carcinomas arising from large intestine. Currently, the most useful application of CEA is in the detection of liver metastasis from colorectal cancers and serial determination of CEA is recommended for detecting cancer spread to the liver. Aim: To assess the role of CEA in the management of colorectal cancer, and detection of early recurrence. Methods and Material: 30 patients with colorectal cancer admitted in Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences &amp; Research Centre during the period of November 2012 to April 2014 were included in a prospective study. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Analysis was performed using the SPSS 14.0 statistical package. Results: Total patients included in the study was 30. The mean age at presentation was 48.66yrs. The most common site of malignancy was rectum (46.66%), and most of the patients presented in stage I. Pre-operatively CEA was raised in 22 cases. On postoperative follow-up, CEA was found to be elevated in 7 cases. 6 out of these cases had proven recurrence. One case was found to have peritoneal deposit in spite of CEA levels being normal. The sensitivity and specificity of using CEA as an indicator for recurrence were 85.71% and 95.65% respectively. Conclusions: Since colorectal cancer is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis and management provide a chance for better survival. The use of CEA as an early indicator for recurrence has been evaluated in this study and can be used for the same. However, a larger size and longer duration of study is needed to effectively prove the same

Incident Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in a Cohort of Patients Undergoing Coronary or Peripheral Arterial Angiography

BACKGROUND: Despite growing recognition of type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI; related to supply/demand mismatch), little is known about its risk factors or its association with outcome.METHODS: A single-center cohort of patients undergoing coronary or peripheral angiography with or without intervention was prospectively enrolled and followed for incident type 1 and T2MI, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial complication, and cardiac arrhythmia), as well. T2MI was adjudicated using criteria from the Third Universal Definition of MI. Baseline characteristics, blood samples, and angiography information were obtained. Major end points subsequent to first MI were assessed using landmark analyses to compare the rates of first events only where everyone with a prior history of any MACE before MI were censored and adjusted for follow-up times. Cox proportional hazard models were used for time-to-event analyses with age and sex forced into all models and additional covariates evaluated by using the stepwise option for the selection.RESULTS: One thousand two hundred fifty-one patients were enrolled and followed for a median of 3.4 years. Of these patients, 152 (12.2%) had T2MI during follow-up; T2MI was frequently recurrent. Multivariable predictors of T2MI were older age, lower systolic blood pressure, history of coronary artery disease, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, nitrate use, and elevated concentrations of glucose, N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide, and cystatin C. Patients with T2MI had higher rates of subsequent adverse events than those without T2MI (per 100 person-years: MACE, 53.7 versus 21.1, PCONCLUSIONS: T2MI is common and associated with poor prognosis. Studies evaluating treatment strategies for management of T2MI are needed.</p

Linkage between regulatory region SNPs and correlation of haplotypes with plasma TNF levels

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Polymorphisms of -enhancer and gene for FcγRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population"</p><p>http://www.malariajournal.com/content/7/1/13</p><p>Malaria Journal 2008;7():13-13.</p><p>Published online 14 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2245971.</p><p></p> A, rLD plot of four SNPs (-1031, -863, -308, -238). Value in each cell is the percent D' between SNP pairs. B, Correlation of promoter haplotype (-1031C, -863A, -857C, -308G, -238G) with elevated TNF levels compared to the major haplotype TCCGG. Mean plasma TNF levels were compared using Mann-Whitney test (z = -3.73, P = 0.0002). C, Plasma TNF level in patients and controls. Pairwise comparison of means by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test: severe versus control, z = 4.41, P < 0.0001; non-severe versus control, z = 0.67, P = 0.25; severe versus non-severe, z = 3.13, P = 0.0009