73 research outputs found
Calibration of the NEVOD-EAS array for detection of extensive air showers
In this paper we discuss the calibration of the NEVOD-EAS array which is a
part of the Experimental Complex NEVOD, as well as the results of studying the
response features of its scintillation detectors. We present the results of the
detectors energy calibration, performed by comparing their response to
different types of particles obtained experimentally and simulated with the
Geant4 software package, as well as of the measurements of their timing
resolution. We also discuss the results of studies of the light collection
non-uniformity of the NEVOD-EAS detectors and of the accuracy of air-shower
arrival direction reconstruction, which have been performed using other
facilities of the Experimental Complex NEVOD: the muon hodoscope URAGAN and the
coordinate-tracking detector DECOR.Comment: 16 pages, 17 figures, To be submitted to Nuclear Instruments and
Methods
Gene therapy of mass pathologies
ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ . ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ in vivo ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° , Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ξ²-Π³Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Al, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ) . ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎβ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ : Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π½Π΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² .ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ in vivo ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ (ΡΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Ξ²-Π³Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Al, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π³Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ). ΠΡΠ΄Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ², ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ². Π―ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ: Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π°. ΠΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ².The whole complex of investigations is described that allows to run the way from the idea to experimental realization of a fundamental possibility of gene therapy and its application to mass pathologies on the sample of insulin-dependent diabetes and atherosclerosis. The search and analysis were performed of such regulatory elements that would permit an expression irrespective of the state of a general cell regulation. Expression of the implanted gene material is shown on cells of different tissues and different organisms and also in vivo (both the model gene of Ξ²-galactosidase Escherichia coli and insulin- and apolipoprotein high density Al-coding genes related to above stated pathologies). It is concluded that the results obtained in the culture outside the organisms shouldn't be extrapolated on the animals, i. e. on the organism's level. The expression of recombinant molecules is shown to be ambiguous and depend on gene's surroundings and the type of recipient cells. Both in the culture and in the organism the individual cell heterogeneity is observed in the quantitative characteristics of the expression of gene implanted from outside. Besides, an individual organism and age heterogeneity with regard to the expression of the exogenous gene is reported. The conclusion is made about the necessity to individualize gene therapy of mass pathologies
Investigation of cascade showers in the Cherenkov water detector NEVOD
A technique for the reconstruction of cascade profiles by means of Cherenkov radiation in the water of the NEVOD detector is discussed. NEVOD is equipped with a dense spatial lattice of optical modules. The analyzed cascades have been generated either along near-horizontal muons (zenith angles between 85 and 90Β°), which's tracks are reconstructed by means of the tracking detector DECOR, or by muons with unknown tracks over a wider zenith angle range of 50-90Β°. Mean cascade profiles and energy spectra of cascades measured during the experimental series of about 7950 hours of 'live time' are presented
EAS array of the NEVOD Experimental Complex
A new setup for registration of the electromagnetic component of the EAS at the βkneeβ region of the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays (PCR) is now under construction on the basis of the experimental complex NEVOD-DECOR (Moscow, Russia). The EAS array detecting system has a cluster organization. Clusters are located in the MEPhI campus. The specific features of the array registering system that provides particle detection, data acquisition, cluster synchronization and events selection are discussed. The results of counter characteristics study are also presented
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌ Β«Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΒ»
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β«Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΒ» Π² 11-ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ β ΡΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Β«Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΒ» Ρ Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, β Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ 1980-ΠΈΡ
ΡΡ. Π₯Π₯ ΡΡ. β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π₯Π₯Π ΡΡ. Π· Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²
Problems and opportunities to improve diagnosis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Russia: resolution of advisory board
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain major problems of medicine, and still there is need to improve the level and quality of diagnosis of these diseases. Primary care physicians (general practitioners, therapists) should be involved widely and actively in this process. To simplify the diagnosis, special questionnaires have been developed, they can be used in a real clinical practice. Only this approach will bring statistical data closer to the true prevalence of these diseases and improve quality of their treatment.ΠΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π΅Π½Π° (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ BEST Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Systematizing clinical experience in the use of biological treatments in patients with severe bronchial asthma in real world settings with assessment of clinical outcomes and quality of life level is of great interest and value in practical pulmonology.The aim of the BEST study (Real World Evidence of Benralizumab in Eosinophilic Severe AsThma in Russia) was to evaluate effectiveness of benralizumab by control and quality of life associated with respiratory status in patients with eosinophilic phenotype of severe asthma in real clinical practice in Russia.Results. The results obtained through 16 weeks of benralizumab therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) were analyzed. All 59 enrolled patients showed significant improvement in the asthma control questionnaire (ACQ-5) score, the quality of life associated with respiratory status according to the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and subjective assessments of the well-being of patients and the disease severity (PGIC and PGIS). Treatment with benralizumab contributed to a reduction in the oral glucocorticosteroids intake throughout the study period.Conclusion. In real clinical practice, treatment with benralizumab results in significant improvement in disease control and the quality of life in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and is characterized by a favorable safety profile.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ (Π’ΠΠ) Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ (ΠΠ) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Real World Evidence of Benralizumab in Eosinophilic Severe AsThma in Russia (BEST) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π’ΠΠ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±Π° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π’ΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ BEST, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 16 Π½Π΅Π΄. ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌ. Π£ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (n = 59), Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠ (Asthma Control Questionnaire β ACQ-5), ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire β SGRQ), ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ (Patientsβ Global Impression of Change β PGIC) ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Patientsβ Global Impression of Severity β PGIS)). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ Π’ΠΠ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ
Reprogramming energy metabolism and inducing angiogenesis : co-expression of monocarboxylate transporters with VEGF family members in cervical adenocarcinomas
Background: Deregulation of cellular energetic metabolism was recently pointed out as a hallmark of cancer cells. This deregulation involves a metabolic reprogramming that leads to a high production of lactate. Lactate efflux, besides contributing for the glycolytic flux, also acts in the extracellular matrix, contributing for cancer malignancy, by, among other effects, induction of angiogenesis. However, studies on the interplay between cancer metabolism and angiogenesis are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the metabolic and vascular molecular profiles of cervical adenocarcinomas, their co-expression, and their relation to the clinical and pathological behavior.
Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of metabolism-related proteins (MCT1, MCT4, CD147, GLUT1 and CAIX) as well as VEGF family members (VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3) was assessed in a series of 232 cervical adenocarcinomas. The co-expression among proteins was assessed and the expression profiles were associated with patientsβ clinicopathological parameters.
Results: Among the metabolism-related proteins, MCT4 and CAIX were the most frequently expressed in cervical adenocarcinomas while CD147 was the less frequently expressed protein. Overall, VEGF family members showed a strong and extended expression with VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 as the most frequently expressed and VEGFR-1 as the less expressed member. Co-expression of MCT isoforms with VEGF family members was demonstrated. Finally, MCT4 was associated with parametrial invasion and HPV18 infection, CD147 and GLUT1 with distant metastasis, CAIX with tumor size and HPV18 infection, and VEGFR-1 with local and lymphnode metastasis.
Conclusions: The results herein presented provide additional evidence for a crosstalk between deregulating cellular energetics and inducing angiogenesis. Also, the metabolic remodeling and angiogenic switch are relevant to cancer progression and aggressiveness in adenocarcinomas.CP received a post-doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/69479/2010) and FM-S received a doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BD/87139/2012) from FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology). This work was supported by the FCT grant ref. PTDC/SAU-FCF/104347/2008, under the scope of "Programa Operacional Tematico Factores de Competitividade" (COMPETE) of "Quadro Comunitario de Apoio III" and co-financed by Fundo Comunitario Europeu FEDER, and also by FAPESP 2008/03232-1
Severe bronchial asthma patient care organization in various regions of the Russian Federation. From endotypes and phenotypes of bronchial asthma to personalized choice of therapy
The meeting of the Expert board was held in Moscow on June 24, 2019, at which the following issues were considered: the applicability of a new terminology characterizing asthma endotypes and phenotypes in real clinical practice, the effect of phenotypes and biomarkers in patients with bronchial asthma on the choice of biological drug, as well as the optimal clinical profiles of patients for whom dupilumab is most effective, taking into account the data of the III phase clinical trials, regional features of medical care and changes in updated international clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.Π ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ 24 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2019 Π³. ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ
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ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π΄ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Π± ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ III, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
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ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΌΡ
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