PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, NUTRITIVE VALUE AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF STEM OF DRACAENA REFLEXA LAM

Objective: The stem of Dracaena reflexa was analyzed for preliminary phytochemical screening, proximate composition, nutritive value, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential.Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, nutritive value were evaluated using standard methods. Total phenols were calculated by folin ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was performed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various medicinal active phytoconstituent like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins etc. Total phenolic content was highest for dichloromethane extract (73.48mGAE/g dry weight). Proximate analysis showed content of ash (8.015%), moisture (3.31%), fat (0.97%), fiber (1.31%), protein (3.70%), carbohydrate (86.01%) and nutritive value (367.56 Kcal/100grams of stems). In DPPH assay highest activities shown by dichloromethane extract with IC50 values of 0.46 mg/ml and also have FRAP value 2.071.Conclusion: Overall results revealed that Dracaena reflexa stem exhibits excellent nutritive value along with potent antioxidant activity and can be used in medicine as well as in food supplements to prevent the oxidation and rancidity of food.Â

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF PLANT CASEARIA TOMENTOSA LEAVES

Objective: In present study different extracts of the leaves of plant Casearia tomentosa was investigated for the phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial.Methods: Leaves of C. tomentosa were successively extracted by soxhlet extraction method using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of different extracts was carried out according to standard methods. Antioxidant activity evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) method. Total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-ciocalteau method. Antidiabetic activity estimated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay while antibacterial activity was performed by disk diffusion method.Results: C. tomentosa leaves show the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, protein etc. Results of antioxidant studies revealed that the ethanol extract possessed highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (IC50 31.87±0.65 μg/ml) activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (43.78±0.65μM/ml, FRAP value=2.30). Among different extracts, ethanol extract shows highest (228.17±0.63 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/gram of dry mass) amount of total phenolic content. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited highest inhibition on α-amylase (IC50 262.08±1.26 μg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50 459.25±1.80 μg/ml) enzymes. Results of antibacterial activity revealed that all extracts show inhibition against selected bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi.Conclusion: The present study suggests that Casearia tomentosa leaves can be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant and natural antidiabetic, antibacterial agents

Evaluation of nutritive value, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant activity of the seed of Prunus domestica L.

Prunus domestica L. is a member of the Rosaceae family that shows many biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihaemolytic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective activity and many other activities. In the current study, we evaluated nutritive value, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP method for the different extracts obtained by successive soxhlet extraction using the different solvents based on their polarity. Results show that it is a good source of energy. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites which include alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, protein, steroids and terpenoids, fixed oils and fat as well as phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic content was found in the ethyl acetate fraction. Highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method is reported in ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 =1837.399±0.377µg/ml) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power was maximum for diethyl ether (56.032±0.985µM/ml FRAP value = 0.325±0.002)

Assessment of phytochemical screening by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis of peach (Prunus persica) seed biomass from Uttarakhand region of India

Prunus persica (Peach) has several medicinal and nutritive properties such as antioxidant, antimalarial, anticoagulant, antifungal, ant-allergic, etc. The present study focuses on the exploratory for phytochemicals constituents screening of seed extracts of  Prunus persica from Uttarakhand region of India by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The extraction of seed was carried out using soxhlet apparatus in different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The characteristics of physical parameters of dried seed of P. persica were reported  as total ash (14.250±0.126 %), acid insoluble ash (6.800±0.036 %), water-soluble ash (11.714±0.123 %), and sulphated ash value (2.274±0.025 %); whereas, the extractive values were also recorded as alcohol soluble extractive (1.917±0.011 %), and water-soluble extractive (10.580±0.048 %). The highest values of  nutritive components (366.778±0.257 %) were followed by, carbohydrate (45.500±0.336 %), crude protein (29.360±0.551 %), available carbohydrate content (28.002±0.439 %), moisture content (12.547±0.022 %), crude fibre (11.602±0.123 %), crude fat (7.482±0.068 %), and total nitrogen (4.695±0.032 %). The maximum extraction yield was recorded in the aqueous extract solution (11.15 %), followed by petroleum ether (2.8 %), ethyl acetate (2.1 %), ethanol (1.6 %), and chloroform (0.4 %). Besides, this the most effective chemical bonding groups of FTIR spectra analyzed in a sample of P. persica seed were N-H, O-H (3600-3400 1/cm), C-H (3000-2800 1/cm), N-H, C-C, C=O (1680-1550 1/cm), C-H (1470-1350 1/cm), CO-OR (1400-1000 1/cm), C-H (850-550 1/cm), and C-I (500-400 1/cm), respectively. Therefore, this study provides useful insights into the beneficial properties of P. persica seed biomass from the Uttarakhand region of India, which may be further used for the production of several pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products

Characterization of phytochemicals by GC-MS, in-vitro biological assays and micronutrient analysis by ICP-MS of Prunus domestica L. seeds

In the present study, Prunus domestica L. (plum) seeds were used as the source of the oil component. To extract the oil, Soxhlet extraction using two different solvents petroleum ether and diethyl ether were used in increasing the order of polarity. GC-MS analysis of the obtained oil component was carried out and revealed the identification of 33 and 34 compounds in PE and DEE fractions respectively. 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- was the most abundant compound in PE fraction while the 2nd most abundant compound in DEE fraction. Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester was the most abundant compound in DEE fraction. The oil components were further assessed for in-vitro biological assays namely antidiabetic assay, antioxidant assay and antibacterial assay. ICP-MS analysis for the quantification of 12 different metals (K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, As, Pb, Se) was also carried out. K was the major element in all the tested elements. Lead, arsenic and selenium were present below the limit of quantification (BLQ). Therefore, the current study through the light on therapeutic aspects of the oil components of P. domestica seeds

Vibration Analysis of Tapered Beam

Beams are very common types of structural components and it can be classified according to their geometric configuration as uniform or taper and slender or thick. If practically analyzed, the non-uniform beams provide a better distribution of mass and strength than uniform beams and can meet special functional requirements in architecture, aeronautics, robotics, and other innovative engineering applications. Design of such structures is important to resist dynamic forces, such as wind and earthquakes. It requires the basic knowledge of natural frequencies and mode shapes of those structures. In this research work, the equation of motion of a double tapered cantilever Euler beam is derived to find out the natural frequencies of the structure. Finite element formulation has been done by using Weighted residual and Galerkin’s method. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained for different taper ratios. The effect of taper ratio on natural frequencies and mode shapes are evaluated and compared

A Novel Diabetes Education Program to Improve Diabetes Knowledge, Awareness and Glycemic Control

Diabetes self-management education (DSME), an integral part of diabetes management is delivered by trained educators in well-developed countries. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of an organized, concise and easy-to-deliver diabetes education module in India. The relationship between diabetes self-care and glycemic control has been studied extensively. The present review discusses an innovative diabetes self-education training module that can be easily reciprocated by others to benefit the larger population

In vitro antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of the bark of Ehretia acuminata R.Br.

538-543Ehretia acuminata is native to Southeast Asia, America, and Africa. It is commonly used as fodder and in quite a variety of medicinal applications. E. acuminata is widely used in India, but there are few reports in the literature of studies on its biological properties. In this study, the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of plant E. acuminata was evaluated. The antidiabetic activity of the different extracts was measured by α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibition method. The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by the egg albumin of hen. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts of bark of E. acuminata was evaluated for in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects (IC50 170 and 172 μg/mL respectively). Chloroform is the only extract that showed significant inhibition against the antidiabetic effect (IC50 42-45 μg/mL). The findings suggest that the bark of E. acuminata contains potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory compounds, which could be tested as drug candidates against diabetic and inflammation-related pathological processes in medicinal chemistry studies

Preliminary investigation and antimicrobial screening of successive extracts of phytoconstituents from Cassia fistula of Haridwar region, India

Cassia fistula belongs to family leguminosae. It is a medium sized tree and its different parts are used in Ayurvedic medicine as well as in home remedies for common ailments. The plant is easily available in Haridwar region. The phytoconstituents of a same plant vary from region to region. In the present study bark of Cassia fistula is used. The material was collected (in Haridwar region, India), dried in shade; powdered and extracted successively with different solvents in an increasing order of polarity. Phytochemical investigation was performed using different identification tests. The different extracts were also screened for antimicrobial activity. For which both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strain were selected. Antimicrobial test was performed by agar well diffusion method. All the tests were performed in a triplicate. The different phytoconstituents present in the bark extract are responsible for such an appreciable activity against selected pathogens

Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial screening of extracts of Litchi chinensis leaves from Dehradun region, India

The aim of the present study is to establish a correlation between litchi leaves extracts and their activity against human pathogenic bacteria. For this fresh litchi leaves were collected and dried in shade, powdered and extracted successively with solvents of different polarity. Phytochemical investigation was performed using conventional natural products identification tests and antimicrobial screening was done for two Gram negative and three Gram positive bacterial strains. Antimicrobial test were performed by disc diffusion method. All the tests were performed in a triplicate. Presence of majority of phytoconstituents in acetone extract may be responsible for its prominent activity against all the pathogens.