Co-cultures of Glioma Stem Cells and Primary Neurons, Astrocytes, Microglia, and Endothelial Cells for Investigation of Intercellular Communication in the Brain

Intercellular communication within complex biological and pathological systems via extracellular vesicles (EVs) and secreted factors is a highly attractive area of research. However, cell models enabling investigation of such communication in vitro are limited. Commonly utilized is the supplementation of hyper-concentrated EVs or other extracellular factors to the recipient cell cultures. This approach requires purification of the secreted complexes and is confounded by the contamination of media components. Two-chamber co-cultures of donor and recipient cells separated by a pore membrane may represent a more physiological and better-controlled system for the investigation of intercellular communication. Yet, distinct culture conditions for different neural cell types often make them incompatible for co-culturing. Here we optimized short-term co-cultures of patient-derived low-passage glioma-initiating stem cells with normal cells of the brain microenvironment, such as primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells. We demonstrate the culture compatibility of these cell types and internalization of glioma-derived extracellular RNA by the normal recipient cells. The presented protocols are valuable for the investigation of intercellular communication between glioma brain tumor and cells of its microenvironment, including but not limited to the EVs-mediated communication.RESEARCH IN CONTEXTCell-to-cell communication is essential in normal physiology and implicated in disease; however, experimental systems for its modeling in vitro are limited. Particularly, the investigation of communication between brain tumors and normal cells of the brain microenvironment has been challenged by the lack of adequate culture models. Here we developed co-cultures of glioma stem cells with various types of normal brain cells, including primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells, and demonstrated their utility for the study of intercellular communication. Detection of proposed markers in the recipient cells confirmed RNA transfer in these co-cultures

Simulation and Comparison of Three and Nine level Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter

The multilevel inverter was developed as a solution to increase the converter operating voltage above the voltage limits of classical semiconductors. The function of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a high voltage waveform from several lower levels of dc voltages. If the switching angle arrangement technique is not selected properly then the total harmonic distortion of voltage output waveform may become unacceptable. In this paper the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control strategy is used to control output voltage. In this paper simulation of single phase three and nine level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter is performed in Simulink environment. The comparison of THD values of these inverters is done

AQUA SILENCER

The idea is to create an alternate solution for a traditional catalytic converter to improve the filtration rates of exhaust gases coming out of the vehicle. Basically the design of aqua silencer is to control the pollution as well as the noise of a two orfour stroke engine respectively. The aqua silencer is connected to the exhaust pipe of the engine. The major pollutants in the exhaust gases are unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides etc. which are converted into nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide

The influence of architectural decisions on technical debt in microservice applications

Nowadays, while software industries are aiming to develop their software continuously, their delivery is hindered by technical debt.  Preventing technical debt would be valuable if it is considered in architectural decisions. On the other side, since microservices architecture is adaptable to build cloud applications and has other advantages, it has become a trend in the software industries. Due to the popularity of microservices and the importance of technical debt in the software industry, this research aims to find the influence of architectural decisions on technical debt in microservices applications. In this research, we explore architectural decisions in microservice applications and their qualities that impact technical debt.   We calculated the repetitiveness of selected microservices architectural decisions and the extra effort that they need to meet qualities to prevent technical debt. Spearman correlation coefficient used to calculate the relation between extra effort on the qualities of architectural decisions in microservice applications that affect technical debt. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation between the repetitiveness of selected architectural decisions and the effort for their qualities to find the effect of repetitiveness on qualities that reduce technical debt.   Our result shows that every architectural decision that we have explored for microservice applications needs some extra effort to increase the quality that can prevent technical debt. Correlation between qualities and repetitiveness of architectural decisions shows that weak correlation, which proves that increasing or decreasing of repetitiveness would not change the demand for extra effort to prevent technical debt

Novel Technique to Start DC Motor Using Wireless Power Transfer

This paper represents the “Wireless start & control DC motor”. There is multiple needs and multiple uses for such technology. Our team chooses to research the feasibility of wireless power transmission through the inductive coupling. This wireless power transmission consists of using a transmission and receiving coil as the coupling coils. The first benefit to using this inductive coupling for simplicity of transmission & receiving antenna and second for small power transmission. This is much safer means of conveyance. To transfer power an alternating current should be passes through a closed loop coil. The primary coils alternating current will create a time varying magnetic field. The flux generated by this time varying magnetic field will then induced voltage on secondary coil. So the transmission distance is reduces then efficiency of any system using inductive coupling improve efficiency

Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 442 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit "breakthrough" behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting