First Step Advantage: Importance of Starting Right in Multi-Step Reasoning

Large Language Models (LLMs) can solve complex reasoning tasks by generating rationales for their predictions. Distilling these capabilities into a smaller, compact model can facilitate the creation of specialized, cost-effective models tailored for specific tasks. However, smaller models often face challenges in complex reasoning tasks and often deviate from the correct reasoning path. We show that LLMs can guide smaller models and bring them back to the correct reasoning path only if they intervene at the right time. We show that smaller models fail to reason primarily due to their difficulty in initiating the process, and that guiding them in the right direction can lead to a performance gain of over 100%. We explore different model sizes and evaluate the benefits of providing guidance to improve reasoning in smaller models

Advance In-Vivo Activities of Polyherbal Formulations (Foeniculum Vulgare, Emblica Officinalis and Ocimum Sanctum) with Different Pharmacological Studies

Herbal products with potential therapeutic and nutritional values are gaining importance among people around the world. Herbal products are typically regarded as safe for use on humans. The preparation and marketing of extracts from various herbal items or purified bioactive components takes many different forms. Products with more than two herbal extracts are called polyherbal products. They are frequently regarded as prophylactically or therapeutically useful due to their complimentary and/or potentiating functions as a result of the advantages of one another. The phytochemical screening was performed for presence of various phytoconstituents. Our interest was to study the effect of polyherbal formulation (PHF), composed of Foeniculum vulgare, Emblica officinalis and aerial part of Ocimum sanctum. The anxiolytic activity of polyherbal formulations were examined by using the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), open field test (OFT), and motor coordination test assessed by Rota rod test (RT) and hole board test (HST). The present study is designed to evaluate the Acute toxicity studies, anti-stress effect and anti-anxiety effect of extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Emblica officinalis and aerial part of Ocimum sanctum using various experimental models in rodents. A current investigation concluded that PHF exhibited a strong anti-stress effect and anti-anxiety effect

Extraction from Different Natural Sources and their Pharmacognostical Studies

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The analysis of Phytoconstituents was performed physicochemical parameters (foreign matter, moisture content, loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulphated-ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive and pH values), Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Test for carbohydrates, Test for amino acids, Test for steroid, Test for fat, Test for oils, Test for alkaloids, Test for tannins, Test for phenolic compounds, Test for Saponin glycosides, Test for flavonoids, Test for volatile oils and Test for heavy metals ), Tests for Aflatoxin and Thin-Layer chromatography. The results were discussed that all Phytoconstituents extracted from Fennel, Amla and Tulsi were nom-toxic and safe. All Phytoconstituents were free from heavy metals and Aflatoxin. The major goals of extraction are to increase yields of bioactive substances, reduce extraction time, be more environmentally friendly, and attain economic viability without sacrificing biological activity

Inter-Temporal Calculative Trust Design to Reduce Collateral Need for Business Credits

Credit rationing arising out of informational asymmetry and lack of collateral is a well-recognised economic constraint in the credit market. These constraints get magnified for small businesses. This paper attempts to capture the dimension of trustworthiness (calculative trust) by designing a multi-period, incentivised payment structure that will induce economic agents to reveal the existence of private information about any projects or true intentions of paying up the credit that is going to fund the project. The model dynamically estimates the collateral needed by taking into account the truthfulness of the borrower. The proposed design is compared with the benchmark model - credit scoring-based model. Randomized simulations are carried out for the ex ante solution for the borrower. We find that the proposed design outperforms from the perspective of lenders when the probability of default of any project is less than 80 per cent. Our simulation result also finds that building trust helps small business owner to significantly reduce the need for collateral

The Invisible Collateral

A borrower may hesitate to borrow from her close relatives and family members as it costs them in terms of reduction in social insurance in the case of default. This invisible cost reduces credit risk. India’s household indebtedness survey shows some evidence on these borrowing preferences. This perspective on borrowing decisions derived from the community can be used as one of the dimensions in credit risk evaluation and in policy formulation

Pattern and incidence of adverse drug reactions observed in cardiac clinic of tertiary hospital, Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Background: The aim of the present study was to monitor the incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in cardiac care unit at Hakeem Abdul Hameed (HAH) Centenary Hospital.Methods: Study was conducted with the permission of Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients visiting medicine outpatient department, cardiac clinic, medical ward, and emergency departments over a period of 15 months were recruited. ADRs were recorded on the prescribed form. Causality assessment was done using Naranjo probability scale. 223 patients of hypertension and stable coronary artery disease were enrolled of which 48.9% were males and 51.1% females. The most common prescribed drugs were ace-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, and beta-blockers. Other prescribed drugs were calcium channel blockers, statins, nitrates, and antiplatelets.Results: A total of 44 ADRs were recorded. 26 ADRs were seen in females and 18 in males. Statins were the commonest drug associated with ADRs (29.5%) in our study. The most common organ system associated with ADRs in the present study was central nervous system followed by skin 15.9% each. The incidence of ADRs was about 20% of which 20% ADRs were probable, and 80% were possible. Maximum ADRs occurred in patients prescribed statins followed by beta-blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers.Conclusion: There is a need for conducting such studies in more and more patients to see the pattern of ADRs in cardiac patients. More information will help in reducing the ADR occurrence and making drug use more rational and safe for patients.

Assessment of Toluidine Blue in Oral Leukoplakia

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the oral cavity and the prognosis of the tumor depends on the early detection of the carcinoma. Toluidine blue is a metachromatic die of the thiazine group that has been effectively used as a nuclear stain because of its binding capacity with DNA. The objective of the study was to find the specificity and sensitivity of the toluidine blue supra vital staining technique in oral leukoplakia. The study comprised of 17 clinically suspicious cases of oral leukoplakia. The effect of toluidine blue staining and histopathological features were also studied. The toluidine blue staining is a sensitive vital staining method for leukoplakia. It is the useful chair side diagnostic test with the sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 100%.   KEYWORDS:  Oral Leukoplakia, toluidine blu

A Cross-National Analysis of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues’ Preferences of Premium Denim Products : A Case of Levi’s and other Premium / Luxury Denim Brands

This study has been conducted to investigate the Premium Denim brands’ intrinsic and extrinsic product cues which are significant for consumers when they want to shop for their favourite denim brands. The brands which are included in this study are Levi’s, Calvin Klein, Diesel, Armani and Gap. This research is a cross-national study and data are collected from India and European countries like Italy, Malta, UK, Poland, Sweden, Serbia etc. For intrinsic cues study we have taken products’ quality, fabric, color, fitting and uniqueness whereas for extrinsic cues we have taken pricing cues preferences, distribution channel preferences and promotional tools influences on Indian and European consumers. Design/Methodology/ Approach Online questionnaires link were shared through emails, whatsapp and linkedin and paper questionnaires were distributed to friends, universities students and to other people in India to collect responses from them. Students of “University of Ca’foscari, Venice, Italy” were met several times during lunch break and informed about research questionnaire. The google forms of questionnaire were sent to the university students and other respondents of European countries through emails and linked in. Hypotheses for intrinsic and extrinsic cues were developed and data analysis was conducted by SPSS statistical analyses. Originality/Value There are very few research papers written on both intrinsic and extrinsic cues and with an in- depth empirical research. Some scholars have written research papers on intrinsic cues and extrinsic cues separately. This study is an in-depth and comprehensive investigation of cross-national research on premium denim products’ intrinsic and extrinsic cues and its statistically significant preferences and influence differences between India and European countries’ consumers