Mitotic metaphase chromosome spreads and karyotypes of maternal backcross.

<p>(a) BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 1, (b) large metacentric chromosomes of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 2, (c)) large metacentric chromosomes and microchromosome of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 3; (d) BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 1, (e)) large metacentric chromosomes and microchromosome of BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 2. Arrow heads showed large metacentric chromosomes. The remaining spreads of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) and BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) were showed in S4 and S5, respectively.</p

Mitotic metaphase chromosome spreads and karyotypes of maternal backcross.

<p>(a) BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 1, (b) large metacentric chromosomes of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 2, (c)) large metacentric chromosomes and microchromosome of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 3; (d) BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 1, (e)) large metacentric chromosomes and microchromosome of BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) type 2. Arrow heads showed large metacentric chromosomes. The remaining spreads of BC-M1 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) and BC-M2 ((<i>Hoc*</i>/<i>Hot</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>) were showed in S4 and S5, respectively.</p

Karyological observations of the three <i>Hexagrammos</i> species, and the natural hybrids and the artificial hybrids.

<p>Yellow cells indicate the most frequent chromosome numbers of each species and hybrid.</p

Mitotic metaphase chromosome spread and karyotypes.

<p>(a) <i>H</i>. <i>octogrammus</i>, (b) F₁-hybrid (<i>Hoc</i> × <i>Hag</i>), (c) F₁-hybrid (<i>Hoc</i> × <i>Hot</i>). Spreads of F₁-hybrids were showed in S1.</p

Schema of meiosis of natural hybrids and BC-M; (<i>Hoc*/Hag</i>) × <i>Hoc</i>.

<p>Figures of natural hybrids were cited from a putative description of chromosome elimination proposed by Ogielska (2009) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0180626#pone.0180626.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>]. Interphase to Anaphase I is included in the first meiotic division and Anaphase II in the second meiotic division. Large chromosomes are composed of a set of two chromosomes. In natural hybrids, the large chromosome appears to be transmitted intact without recombination to the gametes. However, in BC-M, the large chromosome becomes fissured into two chromosomes after segregation and recombination of genomes from the female and the male.</p

The lineages of specimens used in this study.

<p>(a) artifial F₁-hybrids, (b) paternal backcross lineage, (c) maternal backcross lineage. All abbreviated species signs were referred to text. Yellow, light blue and purple of species signs indicate the <i>H</i>.<i>otakii</i>, <i>H</i>. <i>octogrammus</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>aggrammus</i> genome, respectively. Uncolored signs indicate species that not observed in this study.</p

Reproductive mode of maternal backcross (BC-M) inferred from genotyping offspring of (<i>Hoc</i> x BC-M; Cross 1–3) and (BC-M x <i>Hoc</i>; Cross 4 and 5) using microsatellite DNA.

<p>In BC-M retaining two <i>Hoc</i> genome sets, alleles (orange) from hemiclonal hybrids (grandmother: <i>Hoc/Hag</i>) were inherited by offspring after recombination. Alleles (blue) from fathers (<i>Hoc</i>) are colored to facilitate discrimination.</p

Mitotic metaphase chromosome spreads and karyotypes.

<p>(a) BC-M1 × <i>Hoc</i>; (b) <i>Hoc</i> × BC-M1.</p

KEGG pathway enrichment for succinylated proteins in the glucose and citrate conditions.

<p>^aKEGG pathway term.</p><p>^bNumber of genes matching a given KEGG pathway term.</p><p>^cPercentage of genes matching a given term divided by the total number of input genes in each condition.</p><p>^dThe whole genome of <i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i> was used as background. (An additional analysis performed using “the total <i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i> proteins identified by MS from cell lysates” as background resulted in the same list of enrichment categories).</p><p>^eA Bonferroni cutoff value of 0.05 was used.</p><p>KEGG pathway enrichment for succinylated proteins in the glucose and citrate conditions.</p

Positions of acyl modification sites in RNA polymerase subunits.

<p>Location of acetylation (red line) and succinylation (blue line) sites with amino acid residue numbers are shown. K638, at which succinylation was reproducibly upregulated in the citrate condition, is underlined. Functional and structural regions are shown with black bars; the positions were estimated using amino acid sequence alignment and structural modeling based on information from <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> RNAP [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131169#pone.0131169.ref060" target="_blank">60</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131169#pone.0131169.ref061" target="_blank">61</a>].</p