165 research outputs found
Key features, Challenges and Prospects of Shanghai Pilot Program
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μμλ€μ΄ μ€κ΅ μ μ²΄λ‘ μ΄ μ λλ₯Ό νλ μννλ λ° λμμ΄ λκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°λλ€.With aging populations, individuals are facing increasing longevity and long-term care (LTC) risks, especially for China, as a rapidly developing nation, has also started to suffer from the same problem, or even more serious than others. As a response, China launched its public long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilots in 15 cities in 2016, which have recently been expanded to further regions across the country, signaling a policy move towards a public social insurance model of long-term care financing.
Previous studies in the literature have concentrated on the implementation and effectiveness of Chinaβs LTCI in a big picture, but to a less extent on the analysis on one specific region and thoughts from the receivers or future receivers. This thesis studies the effects of LTCI from both theoretical and empirical perspectives.
This thesis starts with an overview of the general evolvement and policy guideline from the central government, followed by a more detailed description of a local (Shanghai) design, and key features, challenges and prospects of Chinaβs LTCI pilot program. It also includes the strength and constraint, implementation, challenging tasks and future prospects of LTCI pilots.
The review was conducted to reveal the effectiveness of the LTCI system in China, focusing on Shanghai as representative by reviewing existing literature, government official websites and documents, a survey conduction and several personal interviews as case study.
Generally speaking, the LTCI program is still in the beginning stage of development. Although the results show that the LTCI system casts a positive impact on the physical daily health and life quality of the disabled seniors. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with disabled elderly maybe limited. And the impact of these ongoing LTCI pilots on the development of local aged care markets also remain unclear and warrants more research. Hope this study will help to identify the outcomes of the LTCI in pilot cities so as to assist policymakers in their further implementation in China.I. Introduction 1
1. Research Background and Structure 1
2. Literature Review 3
3. Significance of Research 8
4. Methodology 9
II. China's Exploration and Pilot Program of LTCI 11
1. An overview of LTCI in China 11
2. Evaluation of Current Pilot LTCI 24
3. The Future of Long-term Care Insurance: Beyond the Initial Pilots 30
III. Practice of LTCI Pilots in Shanghai 32
1. Aging Background in Shanghai 32
2. Development of LTCI in Shanghai 34
3. Evaluation of LTCI in Shanghai 41
IV. LTCI Survey and Interviews 45
V. Conclusion 54
VI. Appendix 58
VII. Bibliography 67μ
Parameter design oriented analysis of the current control stability of the weak-grid-tied VSC
This paper studies the dynamic behaviors of weak-grid-tied VSCs with simplified transfer functions, which provides an accurate stability analysis and useful indications for tuning system parameters. A reduced-order multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transfer function that contains four single-input single-output (SISO) transfer functions for the weak-grid-tied VSC is first presented. It is found that the four SISO transfer functions share the same equivalent open-loop transfer function, i.e., the same stability conclusion. The Bode plots of the equivalent open-loop transfer function show that the inner current loop behaves as a band-pass filter whose maximum gain is approximately at the frequency of the PLL's bandwidth. By stability criterion, the harmonic amplification and instability occur when its maximum gain exceeds 0dB caused by high PLL's bandwidth, large grid impedance or high active power. It is also found that the target system is less stable when it works as an inverter than as a rectifier, due to the risk of the local positive feedback in the inverter mode. An effective criterion is further proposed to guide the selection of a proper PLL's bandwidth to ensure the stability of the VSC system. Simulation results validate the correctness of the analysis and the efficacy of the criterion
Untangling operational performance implication of ambidextrous blockchain initiatives: An empirical investigation of Chinese manufacturers
Purpose
Blockchain has been considered as a disruptive technology and every industry stands to benefit from it. According to Deloitte, increasing number of managers claim that their firms will suffer loss in competitive advantage if they do not adopt blockchain. Despite this motivation, insufficient knowledge on how can blockchain add value inhibits the commitment to its adoption. To better understand the possible influence of blockchain, two dimensions (exploitation and exploration) of blockchain initiatives are distinguished. This research aims to examine the impact of ambidextrous blockchain initiatives on firms' operational efficiency, as well as the moderating role of unabsorbed slack and environmental munificence.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, secondary panel data were collected from multiple sources to test the proposed hypotheses. Content analysis was adopted to operationalise ambidextrous blockchain initiatives from firms' official announcements.
Findings
The authors find that firms' ambidexterity in blockchain initiatives have significantly positive impact on operational efficiency. Furthermore, when firms have lower unabsorbed slack or in more munificent environments, they may benefit from managing a balance between exploration and exploitation.
Originality/value
This research offers some insightful theoretical and managerial implications of ambidextrous blockchain initiatives. The findings of this study contribute to blockchain literature by providing theory-driven empirical research
Effects of preconception counseling on maternal health care of migrant women in China: a community-based, cross-sectional survey
Association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and progression of cerebral blood flow velocity in Beijing: Modifying effect of greenness
Few studies have explored the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its constituents on the progression of cerebral blood flow velocity (BFV) and the potential modifying role of greenness. In this study, we investigated the association of PM2.5 and its constituents, including sulfate (SO42β), nitrate (NO3β), ammonium (NH4+), organic matter (OM), and black carbon (BC), with the progression of BFV in the middle cerebral artery. Participants from the Beijing Health Management Cohort who underwent at least two transcranial Doppler sonography examinations during 2015β2020 were recruited. BFV change and BFV change rate were used to define the progression of cerebral BFV. Linear mixed effects models were employed to analyze the data, and the weighted quantile sum regression assessed the contribution of PM2.5 constituents. Additionally, greenness was examined as a modifier. Among the examined constituents, OM exhibited the strongest association with BFV progression. An interquartile range increase in PM2.5 and OM exposure concentrations was associated with a decrease of β16.519 cm/s (95% CI: β17.837, β15.201) and β15.403 cm/s (95% CI: β16.681, β14.126) in BFV change, and β10.369 cm/s/year (95% CI: β11.387, β9.352) and β9.615 cm/s/year (95% CI: β10.599, β8.632) in BFV change rate, respectively. Furthermore, stronger associations between PM2.5 and BFV progression were observed in individuals working in areas with lower greenness, those aged under 45 years, and females. In conclusion, reducing PM2.5 levels in the air, particularly the OM constituent, and enhancing greenness could potentially contribute to the protection of cerebrovascular health
Association between ambient air pollution and hospital admissions, length of hospital stay and hospital cost for patients with cardiovascular diseases and comorbid diabetes mellitus: Base on 1,969,755 cases in Beijing, China, 2014β2019
Background: Evidence on the effects of the air pollutants on the hospital admissions, hospital cost and length of stay (LOS) among patients with comorbidities remains limited in China, particularly for patients with cardiovascular diseases and comorbid diabetes mellitus (CVD-DM). Methods: We collected daily data on CVD-DM patients from 242 hospitals in Beijing between 2014 and 2019. Generalized additive model was employed to quantify the associations between admissions, LOS, and hospital cost for CVD-DM patients and air pollutants. We further evaluated the attributable risk posed by air pollutants to CVD-DM patients, using both Chinese and WHO air quality guidelines as reference. Results: Per 10 ug/m3 increase of particles with an aerodynamic diameter \u3c 2.5 ΞΌm (PM2.5), particles with an aerodynamic diameter \u3c 10 ΞΌm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbonic oxide (CO) and ozone (O3) corresponded to a 0.64% (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.71), 0.52% (95% CI: 0.46 to 0.57), 0.93% (95% CI: 0.67 to 1.20), 0.98% (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.16), 1.66% (95% CI: 1.18 to 2.14) and 0.53% (95% CI: 0.45 to 0.61) increment for CVD-DM patientsβ admissions. Among the six pollutants, particulate pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) in most lag days exhibited adverse effects on LOS and hospital cost. For every 10 ug/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10, the absolute increase with LOS will increase 62.08 days (95% CI: 28.93 to 95.23) and 51.77 days (95% CI:22.88 to 80.66), respectively. The absolute increase with hospital cost will increase 105.04 Chinese Yuan (CNY) (95% CI: 49.27 to 160.81) and 81.76 CNY (95% CI: 42.01 to 121.51) in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Given WHO 2021 air quality guideline as the reference, PM2.5 had the maximum attributable fraction of 3.34% (95% CI: 2.94% to 3.75%), corresponding to an avoidable of 65,845 (95% CI: 57,953 to 73,812) patients with CVD-DM. Conclusion: PM2.5 and PM10 are positively associated with hospital admissions, hospital cost and LOS for patients with CVD-DM. Policy changes to reduce air pollutants exposure may reduce CVD-DM admissions and substantial savings in health care spending and LOS
Causal effect of PM1 on morbidity of cause-specific respiratory diseases based on a negative control exposure
Background: Extensive studies have linked PM2.5 and PM10 with respiratory diseases (RD). However, few is known about causal association between PM1 and morbidity of RD. We aimed to assess the causal effects of PM1 on cause-specific RD. Methods: Hospital admission data were obtained for RD during 2014 and 2019 in Beijing, China. Negative control exposure and extreme gradient boosting with SHapley Additive exPlanation was used to explore the causality and contribution between PM1 and RD. Stratified analysis by gender, age, and season was conducted. Results: A total of 1,183,591 admissions for RD were recorded. Per interquartile range (28 ΞΌg/m3) uptick in concentration of PM1 corresponded to a 3.08% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66%β4.52%] increment in morbidity of total RD. And that was 4.47% (95% CI: 2.46%β6.52%) and 0.15% (95% CI: 1.44%-1.78%), for COPD and asthma, respectively. Significantly positive causal associations were observed for PM1 with total RD and COPD. Females and the elderly had higher effects on total RD, COPD, and asthma only in the warm months (Z = 3.03, P = 0.002; Z = 4.01, P \u3c 0.001; Z = 3.92, P \u3c 0.001; Z = 2.11, P = 0.035; Z = 2.44, P = 0.015). Contribution of PM1 ranked first, second and second for total RD, COPD, and asthma among air pollutants. Conclusion: PM1 was causally associated with increased morbidity of total RD and COPD, but not causally associated with asthma. Females and the elderly were more vulnerable to PM1-associated effects on RD
Low-frequency converter-driven oscillations in weak grids: explanation and damping improvement
Low-frequency oscillations have been reported in several weak-grids-connected voltage-source-converter(VSC) systems. Although efforts have been devoted to understand the parametric and sensitivity impact of the VSC controller gains, a general formulation of the oscillation mechanism is still missing. Using transfer function dynamic modelling approach, we find that the outer loop active power control's bandwidth mainly determines the oscillation frequency. The PLL introduces a large phase lag around the frequency of the PLL bandwidth in weak grids conditions which decreases the oscillation damping. A simple but effective PI+Clegg integrator (CI) compensator is proposed to replace the standard outer loop active power controller compensating the PLL's phase delay and increase the oscillation damping. The results are verified in a real time digital simulator
Irisin Is Controlled by Farnesoid X Receptor and Regulates Cholesterol Homeostasis
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) could regulate FNDC5/Irisin expression and the role of Irisin in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice.Methods and ResultsWe treated primary human hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and Rhesus macaques with FXR agonist (CDCA, GW4064, and ivermectin). FNDC5 expression was highly induced by CDCA and GW4064 in hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and the circulating level of Irisin increased in Rhesus macaques. Luciferase reporter and CHIP assays were used to determine whether FXR could regulate FNDC5 promoter activity. Irisin-ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were used to study the metabolic function of Irisin in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Irisin-ApoE-/- mice showed improved hyperlipidemia and alleviated atherosclerosis as compared with ApoE-/- mice. Irisin upregulated the expression of Abcg5/Abcg8 in liver and intestine, which increased the transport of biliary cholesterol and fecal cholesterol output.ConclusionActivation of FXR induces FNDC5 mRNA expression in human and increased the circulating level of Irisin in Rhesus macaques. FNDC5/Irisin is a direct transcriptional target of FXR. Irisin may be a novel therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis
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