Judicial Conduct Regulation Regimes in India and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Study

Judicial conduct regulation regimes have a vital role in upholding judicial independence, judicial conduct standards and public trust in the judiciary. However, there is no one right way to regulate judicial conduct. As this thesis underlines, the jurisdictions under study (i.e., England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and India) have adopted different approaches to judicial regulation. In India, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, internal mechanisms are primarily responsible for judicial regulation, whereas mostly arm-length bodies carry out similar work in England and Wales. Notwithstanding the structural and functional differences these mechanisms bear, they must administer regulatory protocols fairly and consistently across the judicial hierarchies in the respective jurisdictions. Against this backdrop, the thesis attempts to answer the following question: Do regulatory mechanisms in India and the UK uphold judicial independence and effectively enforce the standards of judicial conduct? As regards India, the thesis draws on empirical data collected from 110 subject experts, whereas it engages in statistical and critical analysis in answering the question in relation to the UK. With respect to India, the study finds that the internal regulatory mechanisms for both higher and subordinate judiciaries do not adequately safeguard judicial independence and that the mechanisms are ineffective in enforcing the standards of judicial conduct. In contrast, the study finds that the regulatory mechanisms in the UK are effective in enforcing the standards of judicial conduct. However, the regulatory architecture in the UK offers inadequate safeguards to (individual and internal) judicial independence. The study concludes that there are notable flaws in the regulatory architecture of India and the UK, particularly in addressing abuses of disciplinary discretion by senior judges, violations of regulatory protocols by first-tier bodies, and the unfair and inconsistent application of regulatory processes by investigative authorities

Judicial conduct regulation: do in-house mechanisms in India uphold judicial Independence and effectively enforce judicial accountability?

In India, judicial discipline is exclusively enforced by the judiciary through in-house mechanisms, except for the constitutional removal procedure. The founding justification for in-house mechanisms is that they are indispensable to uphold judicial independence. In this milieu, the paper attempts to answer the following question: do in-house mechanisms in India uphold judicial independence and effectively enforce judicial conduct? The study, by analysing quantitative and qualitative data from 110 subject experts (judges, lawyers, and academics), offers an initial assessment of the implications of in-house mechanisms on judicial independence and judicial conduct regulation in India. The study lays special emphasis on the efficacy of in-house mechanisms in upholding “individual” and “internal” judicial independence. It also assesses the effectiveness of in-house mechanisms in enforcing judicial conduct. It concludes that in-house mechanisms, for both higher and subordinate judiciary, undermine individual and internal judicial independence. They are also ineffective in enforcing judicial conduct

Finite Element Analysis of Structural Acoustic Interaction with Air and Water for Sound Transmission Through Honeycomb and Double Walled Panels with Air Cavity

A measure of Sound Transmission Loss (STL) through panel structures is the ratio of the average power over the panel surface from an incident acoustic pressure wave interacting with the surface of one side of the panel with the transmitted average power on the other side of the panel. For panels filled with an air cavity defined by a depth between the two panels, the panel interacting with the incident acoustic wave vibrates producing structure-born sound to radiate through the cavity and interacts with the transmitted side panel, causing sound to radiate into the acoustic region on the transmitted side. For steady-state frequency response analysis, power is measured from the integration across the panel surface of the product of acoustic pressure and velocity component normal to the surface. In contrast to water coupling, the effect of air on the structural vibration response is relatively small. For air, since the acoustic impedance defined as the ratio of pressure to velocity is constant and given by the product of mass density for air multiplied by the speed of sound, the expression for STL is simplified as the ratio of incident to transmitted pressure amplitude. In the present work, a finite element model for prediction of sound power transmission through single panel, air cavity filled double panel structures, lattice panel structures, and honeycomb panels is presented. In the case a double-panel with internal air cavity model, parameter studies are conducted to compare STL results with different cavity depths in relationship to acoustic wavelengths. Results show that STL is reduced when the wavelength is twice the depth, implying that a strong transmission effect is present associated with the fundamental resonance cavity frequency with zero vibration nodes in the depth direction. Comparisons between single panel, Air-filled Double and Triple Panel structures are studied. As the number of panel layers is increased the thickness of each panel is decreased to have the same total mass. Air-cavity interactions in layered panels play an important role in sound transmission. Results show that more layers of thinner panels have stronger Air-cavity interactions showing stronger Air-cavity resonances in the frequency response for STL. Overall, multilayered panels with the same total mass show increased STL over the range of frequencies studied between 0 and 2000 Hz. Further studies are conducted to study the effect of connecting the panels with periodic lattice structures. By connecting the panels, the STL is reduced, while significantly increasing the stiffness and strength under other mechanical loads. Air-cavity effects in panels with periodic connections between the panels, while introducing cavity resonances in the structure frequency response, does not significantly alter the Structure-borne sound radiation and overall STL characteristics. This study helps in understanding the challenges in designing structures needed to exhibit good structural rigidity and also has good sound insulation. Honeycomb sandwich panels exhibit desirable structural properties of high stiffness and low mass. Previous studies have examined the STL characteristics for honeycomb panels interacting with air, up to 1000 Hz and showed that in this frequency range, Auxetic honeycomb with the total mass, which exhibit a negative effective Poisson ratio, gives higher STL compared to Regular honeycomb. In the present work, it is shown that for frequencies between 1000 Hz and 1600 Hz, the STL for Auxetic is reduced below the STL value for Regular honeycomb. Beyond 1600 Hz, the STL for Regular honeycomb is significantly reduced. Previously studies have not considered the interaction of water with honeycomb panels. In this work, the STL characteristics for the honeycomb panels with water on both sides, and mixed combinations of Air on Incident side and Water on transmitted side and Water on Incident side and Air on transmitted side are given. In the case of water on both sides of the honeycomb panels, the overall STL is significantly reduced compared to air interaction on both sides, and over the entire range up to 2000 Hz, Auxetic exhibited higher STL compared to Regular. In mix-match cases of Air-Water and Water-Air, Regular exhibited higher STL over Auxetic. In addition to the steady-state analysis discussed above, a transient analysis of acoustic plane interaction waves propagating and interacting with panels are also discussed and correlations are made with the results of time-harmonic procedures. Two plane interaction waves are considered, sinusoidal amplitude driven at 100 Hz, and modified Ricker pulse amplitudes spread over a broader range of frequency but centered at 100 Hz

Exploration of possibilities of increasing farm incomes in a selected area by preparation and choice of alternative farm plans

Because of recent innovations, advances in technology, and a cost-price squeeze many farmers in the United States of America realize that they need to make important changes in their farm organization and production practices. Agricultural research is needed to supply information that will assist farmers in adjusting to these changing situations. This information may be in the nature of input-output data useful in preparing farm plans and budgets, or it may consist of synthetic optimum plans for selected farm situations that may serve as guides to farmers on similar farms in making management decisions. This study was directed in particular toward farms in the southeastern part of the Highland Rim Region of Tennessee which is the largest Physiographic Region in the state. The case-study farm selected for analysis was representative of the modal group of commercial farms in respect to size and soil pattern. Hence, it was estimated that the case-study farm was fairly representative of several thousand farms on which the operators were facing adjustment problems similar to those on the case-study farm. Data from the United States Census for 1959 show that the average returns to the operator on farms in the modal size group were less than $1000 per year. The major objective was to test the hypothesis that certain selected alternative farming systems would show higher net returns than his performance in 1961

Stability constants of ternary complexes of Ni(II) with 4-hydroxypicolinic acid N-oxide as a primary ligand & S,O; O,O; N, O & N, N donor ligands as secondary ligands

1016-1017The equilibria involved in the formation of ternary chelates of Ni(II) with different ligands in the presence of O,O donating ligand(4-OH picolinic acid N-oxide) have been studied by pH-titration technique at 30°± 1°C and μ = 0.1 M(KNO3) in aqueous medium. The ligands used are (i) thioglycolic acid (S,O donor); (ii) catechol, oxalic acid, salicylic acid (N,O donors); (iii) glycine, alanine, proline (N,O donors); (iv) ethylenediamine, 1,10-phenanthroline,2,2'- bipyridyl (N, N donor). The overall stability constants of ternary chelates are discussed in the light of basicity of ligands, nature of donor atoms, metal-ligand dπ-pπ, and dπ-dπ interactions, denticity, stereochemical interactions etc

Effect of hyperglycemia on serum uric acid levels - A real world comparative study

Objective: - To determine the relationship between hyperglycaemia and uric acid levels. Material and methods:- Patients, with known diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance/newly detected patients of diabetes treated on OPD basis or in patients admitted in B.T.G.H over a period of 1yr from April 2017 to March 2018.Study design: - randomized, comparative, cross-sectional. Result: - 19 cases of type 2 DM had hypouricemia while 6 in controls .7 cases of IGT had hyperuricemia, 6 controls had hyperuricemia and none in patients with type 2 DM.Conclusion:- Serum uric acid concentration is slightly reduced in patients with type 2 DM. Serum uric acid concentration is increased in patients with IG