Programmed death ligand‐1 expression and occult lymph node metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background Identifying the preoperative risk factors for lymph node upstaging could contribute to the development of individualized perioperative treatment for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The current study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for lymph node upstaging, including gene mutation and programmed death ligand‐1 expression in patients with resectable NSCLC. Methods Data on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who underwent lobectomy for clinical N0 NSCLC at our institution were collected. The clinicopathological findings of the pathological N0 and lymph node upstaging groups were then analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the predictive factors for nodal upstaging. Results Of 291 patients, 40 had postoperative nodal upstaging (n = 25, N1; n = 15, N2). Large tumor size and high maximum standardized uptake value were significantly associated with nodal upstaging. The nodal upstaging group had a higher proportion of patients with solid adenocarcinoma and lymphatic, vascular, and pleural invasion than the pathological N0 group. Further, the nodal upstaging group had a higher proportion of patients with positive programmed death ligand‐1 expression than the pathological N0 group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor size and positive programmed death ligand‐1 expression were associated with nodal upstaging. Conclusion The appropriate therapeutic strategy including preoperative treatment and resection should be cautiously considered preoperatively in patients with clinical N0 NSCLC who have large tumors and positive programmed death ligand‐1 expression

Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma exhibiting extensive pagetoid spread in the bronchial epithelium: A case report

This thesis contributes to the research and development efforts aiming at the thermochemical production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from lignocellulosic biomass. In order to enhance the carbon yield in the SNG, the stand-alone Biomass-to-Gas (BtG) process is coupled to an electrolysis unit, integrating renewable hydrogen in a Power-to-Gas (PtG) approach. The combined BtG/PtG concept represents a chemical long-term storage technology connecting the sectors power, heat, and mobility, via the existing natural gas (NG) grid.Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die thermochemische Herstellung von synthetischem Erdgas (engl. SNG = Synthetic Natural Gas) aus holzartiger Biomasse. Um die Ausbeute an Kohlenstoff im SNG zu erhöhen, wird der reine BtG-Prozess (Biomass-to-Gas) mit einer Wasserelektrolyse gekoppelt, welche erneuerbaren Wasserstoff über den PtG-Ansatz (Power-to-Gas) in den Prozess einspeist. Das kombinierte BtG/PtG-Konzept kann als chemischer Langzeitspeicher gesehen werden, welcher die Sektoren Strom, Wärme und Mobilität über das bestehende Erdgasnetz koppelt