Optimal Inspection under Moral Hazard and Limited Liability of Polluter

TUPD Discussion Papers：No.16（TUPD-2022-004）の改訂版Revised: TUPD Discussion Papers: No.16 (TUPD-2022-004

Optimal Inspection under Moral Hazard and Limited Liability of Polluter

TUPD Discussion Papers：No.16（TUPD-2022-004）の改訂版Revised: TUPD Discussion Papers: No.16 (TUPD-2022-004

Consequences of Two Different Amino-Acid Substitutions at the Same Codon in KRT14 Indicate Definitive Roles of Structural Distortion in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Pathogenesis

Numerous inherited diseases develop due to missense mutations, leading to an amino-acid substitution. Whether an amino-acid change is pathogenic depends on the level of deleterious effects caused by the amino-acid alteration. We show an example of different structural and phenotypic consequences caused by two individual amino-acid changes at the same position. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a genodermatosis resulting from KRT5 or KRT14 mutations. Mutation analysis of an EBS family revealed that affected individuals were heterozygous for a, to our knowledge, previously unreported mutation of c.1237G>C (p.Ala413Pro) in KRT14. Interestingly, 2 of 100 unrelated normal controls were heterozygous, and 1 of the 100 was homozygous for a different mutation in this position, c.1237G>A (p.Ala413Thr). In silico modeling of the protein demonstrated deleterious structural effects from proline substitution but not from threonine substitution. In vitro transfection studies revealed a significantly larger number of keratin-clumped cells in HaCaT cells transfected with mutant KRT14 complementary DNA (cDNA) harboring p.Ala413Pro than those transfected with wild-type KRT14 cDNA or mutant KRT14 cDNA harboring p.Ala413Thr. These results show that changes in two distinct amino acids at a locus are destined to elicit different phenotypes due to the degree of structural distortion resulting from the amino-acid alterations