Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations

ABSTRACT The skin barrier function has been attributed to the stratum corneum and represents a major challenge in clinical practice pertaining to cutaneous administration of drugs. Despite this, a large number of bioactive compounds have been successfully administered via cutaneous administration because of advances in the design of topical and transdermal formulations. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of these novel drug delivery systems are necessary to characterize their quality and efficacy. This review covers the most well-known methods for assessing the cutaneous absorption of drugs as an auxiliary tool for pharmaceutical formulation scientists in the design of drug delivery systems. In vitro methods as skin permeation assays using Franz-type diffusion cells, cutaneous retention and tape-stripping methods to study the cutaneous penetration of drugs, and in vivo evaluations as pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies in animal models are discussed. Alternative approaches to cutaneous microdialysis are also covered. Recent advances in research on skin absorption of drugs and the effect of skin absorption enhancers, as investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Raman confocal microscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, are reviewed

The Role Of Dentistry In The Interdisciplinary Team: Contributing To Comprehensive Health Care For The Elderly [o Papel Da Odontologia Na Equipe Interdisciplinar: Contribuindo Para A Atenção Integral Ao Idoso.]

This literature review focuses on dentistry's role in comprehensive health care for the elderly. The authors discuss the need for an interdisciplinary approach. They begin by analyzing the current situation in geriatric dentistry and related problems in Brazil, relating primarily to the lack of specific studies and human resources with training in geriatrics and gerontology. The authors emphasize interactions between dentistry and other health professions for health promotion, specific prevention, and rehabilitation of elderly patients, with special attention to the importance of communication and information exchange.1641099110

Characterization of the interface between cast-to Co-Cr implant cylinders and cast Co-Cr alloys

PubMedID: 26794696Statement of problem The affordable Co-Cr cast alloy should provide an ideal interface with prefabricated cast-to cylinders from the same alloy family. The alloy microstructures should be maintained up to the interface, and porosities and reaction regions should be absent, and sufficient bond strength between alloys should be provided. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the metallurgical interfacial compatibility between Co-Cr dental casting alloys and a prefabricated Co-Cr dental implant cast-to-cylinder. Material and methods A Co-Cr alloy was cast to Co-Cr implant cylinders. Specimens were cross-sectioned longitudinally and divided into as-cast and heat-treated groups. The microstructures of specimens were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition of as-received prefabricated implant cylinders and diffusion characteristics of cast interfacial regions were determined by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Vickers hardness values were defined across the interface on cast specimens and for the as-received implant cylinders. ANOVA and Tukey honest significant differences tests were used for the statistical evaluation of hardness values. Results No significant reaction regions or porosity were present in the interface. Microstructural aspect and interdiffusion indicated a metal-metal bond between the Co-Cr implant cylinder and cast alloy. Mean hardness values demonstrated a significant rise across the interface (373.5 ±12.8; 363.8 ±12.6, respectively) from the wrought cylinder (338.6 ±10.5; 329 ±9.7, respectively) to the cast alloy (399.8 ±7.4; 392.3 ±10.3, respectively) for the as-cast and heat-treated conditions, respectively. Conclusions Co-Cr casting alloy cast on to prefabricated Co-Cr implant cylinders provided interfaces which appear to fulfill the requirements of the established criteria. © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Searches for continuous gravitational waves from young supernova remnants in the early third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo

We present results of three wide-band directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from 15 young supernova remnants in the first half of the third Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing run. We use three search pipelines with distinct signal models and methods of identifying noise artifacts. Without ephemerides of these sources, the searches are conducted over a frequency band spanning from 10~Hz to 2~kHz. We find no evidence of continuous gravitational radiation from these sources. We set upper limits on the intrinsic signal strain at 95% confidence level in sample sub-bands, estimate the sensitivity in the full band, and derive the corresponding constraints on the fiducial neutron star ellipticity and $r$-mode amplitude. The best 95% confidence constraints placed on the signal strain are $7.7\times 10^{-26}$ and $7.8\times 10^{-26}$ near 200~Hz for the supernova remnants G39.2--0.3 and G65.7+1.2, respectively. The most stringent constraints on the ellipticity and $r$-mode amplitude reach $\lesssim 10^{-7}$ and $\lesssim 10^{-5}$, respectively, at frequencies above $\sim 400$~Hz for the closest supernova remnant G266.2--1.2/Vela Jr