A Dynamic Game on Renewable Natural Resource Exploitation

This paper studies oligopolistic firms’ exploitation of a renewable natural resource in a differential game. It is well known that finding Markov perfect equilibrium in differential games is extremely difficult except for games that are linear-quadratic. In this paper, we develop a differential game model that is not linear-quadratic and derive Markov perfect equilibrium for the game. One salient feature of the model is that consumers are concerned with the stock of the natural resource in that consumers’ demand for harvest of the natural resource depends upon the level of the stock of the natural resource. We also examine the effects of taxation on equilibrium. Moreover, we discuss open-loop equilibrium for the games under both cooperative and noncooperative exploitation of the natural resourceRenewable natural resource, oligopoly, differential game

Impact of risk aversion and countervailing tax in oligopoly

Kobayashi’s work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K03462.The literature recognizes the qualitative effects of risk aversion on oligopolistic market performance, but less is known about their magnitudes. We quantitatively evaluate these effects in Cournot and Bertrand oligopolies where firms maximize mean-variance utilities under linear demand and costs. The impacts are very similar for the two types of oligopoly, but have opposite signs. The impacts of a firm’s risk aversion on outputs, prices, consumer surplus and social welfare can be expressed via potentially observable variables. Since these impacts resemble the effects of firms’ cost changes, a regulator can reduce or eliminate undesirable effects of risk aversion by changing firms’ costs with appropriate countervailing taxes.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks

Earth System Sciences; Environmental Management; Sustainable Development; Environmental Risk Management; Sustainable Society; Biodiversity and Environment; Interdisciplinary Science; Leadership Education; Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks (SLER

Direct-potential-fit (DPF) analysis for the A3Π1−X 1Σ+ system of I35/37CL

The goal of this research is to obtain an optimal, portable, global description of, and summary of the dynamical properties of, the A\,^{3}\Pi_{1} and X\,^{1}\Sigma^{+} states of I$^{35/37}$Cl, by using `direct potential fits' (DPFs) to all of the available spectroscopic data for this system to determine optimal analytic potential energy functions for these two states that represent all of those data (on average), within the experimental uncertainties. The DPF method compares observed spectroscopic data with synthetic data generated by solving the radial Schr\"{o}dinger equation for the upper and lower level of every observed transition for some parameterized analytic potential function(s), and using least-squares fits to the data to optimize those parameters. The present work uses the Morse/Long-Range (MLR) potential function form because it is very flexible, can incorporate the correct theoretically known inverse-power-sum long-range behaviour, is everywhere continuous and differentiable to all orders, and has robust extrapolation properties at both large and small distances. The DPF approach also tends to require fewer fitting parameters than do traditional Dunham analyses, as well as having much more robust extrapolation properties in both the $v$ and $J$ domains. The present work combines the data for the A\,^{3}\Pi_{1} and X\,^{1}\Sigma^{+} states obtained in 1980 by Coxon {\it et al.}\footnote{\,J.A.\ Coxon, R.M. Gordon and M.A. Wickramaaratchi, {\it J.\ Mol.\ Spectrosc.}\ {\bf 79} (1980) 363 and 380.} using UV and near-infrared grating spectrometers, with our measurements in the 0.7-0.8$\mu\rm m$ region, obtained using a CW Ti:Sapphire Ring Laser.\footnote{\,T.Yukiya, N. Nishimiya and M. Suzuki, {\it J.\ Mol.\ Spectrosc.}\ {\bf 269} (2011) 193.}~ The results of this study and our new fully analytic potential energy functions for the A\,^{3}\Pi_{1} and X\,^{1}\Sigma^{+} states of ICl will be presented

InterMPL: Momentum Pseudo-Labeling with Intermediate CTC Loss

This paper presents InterMPL, a semi-supervised learning method of end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) that performs pseudo-labeling (PL) with intermediate supervision. Momentum PL (MPL) trains a connectionist temporal classification (CTC)-based model on unlabeled data by continuously generating pseudo-labels on the fly and improving their quality. In contrast to autoregressive formulations, such as the attention-based encoder-decoder and transducer, CTC is well suited for MPL, or PL-based semi-supervised ASR in general, owing to its simple/fast inference algorithm and robustness against generating collapsed labels. However, CTC generally yields inferior performance than the autoregressive models due to the conditional independence assumption, thereby limiting the performance of MPL. We propose to enhance MPL by introducing intermediate loss, inspired by the recent advances in CTC-based modeling. Specifically, we focus on self-conditional and hierarchical conditional CTC, that apply auxiliary CTC losses to intermediate layers such that the conditional independence assumption is explicitly relaxed. We also explore how pseudo-labels should be generated and used as supervision for intermediate losses. Experimental results in different semi-supervised settings demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms MPL and improves an ASR model by up to a 12.1% absolute performance gain. In addition, our detailed analysis validates the importance of the intermediate loss.Comment: Submitted to ICASSP202