A novel member of the TRAF family of putative signal transducing proteins binds to the cytosolic domain of CD40

AbstractCD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) family that regulates B-lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin class-switching, and apoptosis through poorly defined signal transduction mechanisms. Using a yeast two-hybrid method, cDNAs were obtained that encode a novel protein, CD40-associated protein-1 (CAP-1), which binds specifically to the cytosolic domain of CD40 but not TNF-R1, TNF-R2, or Fas. The CAP-1 protein contains a C-terminal domain that shares strong amino acid sequence homology with a unique domain found recently in two putative signal transducing proteins that bind to the TNF-R2 cytosolic tail, TRAF1 and TRAF2. This C-terminal region of CAP-1 was sufficient to mediate binding to CD40 and homodimerization of CAP-1 proteins. The N-terminal portion of CAP-1 contains a RING finger motif and three zinc finger-like domains similar to those found in several regulatory proteins that interact with DNA or RNA. CAP-1 thus represents a new member of a family of potential signal transducing proteins that contain a conserved domain (the TRAF domain), bind to the cytosolic regions of particular members of TNF-R family proteins, and that can form homo- and heterotypic dimers

A four-dimensional organoid system to visualize cancer cell vascular invasion

Yanagisawa, K.; Konno, M.; Liu, H.; Irie, S.; Mizushima, T.; Mori, M.; Doki, Y.; Eguchi, H.; Matsusaki, M.; Ishii, H. A Four-Dimensional Organoid System to Visualize Cancer Cell Vascular Invasion. Biology 2020, 9, 361

Functional interaction of Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1) with p75NTR and their effect on NF-κB activation

AbstractThe common neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, plays an important role in several cellular signaling cascades, including that leading to apoptosis. FAP-1 (Fas-associated phosphatase-1), which binds to the cytoplasmic tail of Fas, was originally identified as a negative regulator of Fas-mediated apoptosis. Here we have shown by co-immunoprecipitation that FAP-1 also binds to the p75NTR cytoplasmic domain in vivo through the interaction between the third PDZ domain of FAP-1 and C-terminal Ser-Pro-Val residues of p75NTR. Furthermore, cells expressing a FAP-1/green fluorescent protein showed intracellular co-localization of FAP-1 and p75NTR at the plasma membrane. To elucidate the functional role of this physical interaction, we examined TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6)-mediated NF-κB activation and tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in 293T cells expressing p75NTR. The results revealed that TRAF6-mediated NF-κB activation was suppressed by p75NTR and that the p75NTR-mediated NF-κB suppression was reduced by FAP-1 expression. Interestingly, a mutant of the p75NTR intracellular domain with a single substitution of a Met for Val in its C-terminus, which cannot interact with FAP-1, displayed enhanced pro-apoptotic activity in 293T transfected cells. Thus, similar to Fas, FAP-1 may be involved in suppressing p75NTR-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling through its interaction with three C-terminal amino acids (tSPV). Thus, FAP-1 may regulate p75NTR-mediated signal transduction by physiological interaction through its third PDZ domain

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the IZUMO Gene in Male Infertile Patients

IZUMOは精子頭部の膜表面に局在し、マウスの精子と卵の受精に必須なタンパク質である。日本人におけるIZUMO遺伝子の多型と精子形成の異常の関係を解析するために、我々は妊孕性の確認されたボランティアの男性１７２人と男性不妊症患者８９２人のゲノムDNAを用いてIZUMO遺伝子の多型と変異の検索を行った。ABI‐PRISM 3730xl Genetic Analyzer and SeqScape software （Applied Biosystems社）を用い解析を行った結果、妊孕性の確認されたボランティアの男性では検出されない一塩基置換を男性不妊症患者に見出した。初回の探索において、男性不妊症患者に４つの一塩基多型（４１７T>G（Cys１３９Trp），５８９A>T（Ser１９７Cys），９３９T>A（Phe３１３Leu），９４４G>A（Arg３１５Gln））が有意に検出された。これらの一塩基置換は、別のプライマーセットを用いた塩基配列解析では検出することができなかったが、一塩基多型と男性不妊症の関係の解析において重要な標的候補と考えられる。IZUMO is a surface protein on sperm and essential for egg fusion in mice. To investigate the possible association between variations in the IZUMO gene and impaired spermatogenesis in Japanese males, we screened for mutations in the human IZUMO gene using DNA from 892 sterile male patients and 172 proven-fertile male volunteers. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the heterozygous state in the infertile patients, and neither variant was identified in fertile subjects using an ABI-PRISM 3730xl Genetic Analyzer and SeqScape software (Applied Biosystems). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 417 T>G (Cys 139 Trp), 589 A>T (Ser 197 Cys), 939 T>A (Phe 313 Leu), and 944 G>A (Arg 315 Gln), were found significantly more often in infertile subjects than in fertile controls in the first screening. Otherwise, the four SNPs were not detected by direct sequencing using the other primers. These results show that four SNPs exist as an analytical target of SNPs that associated with the male infertility n the IZUMO gene

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism within the Novel Sex-Linked Testis-Specific Retrotransposed PGAM4 Gene Influences Human Male Fertility

The development of novel fertilization treatments, including in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic injection, has made pregnancy possible regardless of the level of activity of the spermatozoa; however, the etiology of male-factor infertility is poorly understood. Multiple studies, primarily through the use of transgenic animals, have contributed to a list of candidate genes that may affect male infertility in humans. We examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a cause of male infertility in an analysis of spermatogenesis-specific genes.We carried out the prevalence of SNPs in the coding region of phosphoglycerate mutase 4 (PGAM4) on the X chromosome by the direct sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA from male patients. Using RT-PCR and western blot analyses, we identified that PGAM4 is a functional retrogene that is expressed predominantly in the testes and is associated with male infertility. PGAM4 is expressed in post-meiotic stages, including spermatids and spermatozoa in the testes, and the principal piece of the flagellum and acrosome in ejaculated spermatozoa. A case-control study revealed that 4.5% of infertile patients carry the G75C polymorphism, which causes an amino acid substitution in the encoded protein. Furthermore, an assay for enzymatic activity demonstrated that this polymorphism decreases the enzyme's activity both in vitro and in vivo.These results suggest that PGAM4, an X-linked retrogene, is a fundamental gene in human male reproduction and may escape meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. These findings provide fresh insight into elucidating the mechanisms of male infertility

Living Donor Liver Transplantation Patients Follow-up: Health-related Quality of Life and Their Relationship with the Donor

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is now an established therapeutic option for end-stage liver disease with overall survival comparable to that following deceased donor liver transplantation. However, the long-term quality of life (QOL)-related issues following LDLT remain to be investigated. In LDLT, the recipient receives an organ from a living donor, often a family member with strong emotional bonds. Unlike in the case of deceased donors, the lasting bond may strongly affect QOL following transplantation. The aims of the present study were to clarify the health-related QOL of LDLT recipients and to evaluate whether live liver donation affects outcomes. Adult LDLT recipients who made regular follow-up outpatient clinic visits to the liver transplantation service at The University of Tokyo Hospital were enrolled in the study. Subjects were surveyed using two self-administered questionnaires, the standard Short Form 36 (SF36) and a self-designed questionnaire addressing social issues specific to LDLT. Over the 3 months of the study, 88 recipients visited the clinic for regular follow-up examinations. Of these, 83 agreed to be interviewed for the study, of whom 72 (87%) provided complete responses. The SF36 scores for physical functioning, role physical (role limitations due to physical health), and social functioning were significantly lower for study participants than for the general Japanese population. A higher level of education and the degree to which the recipient felt indebted to the donor had significant negative effects on SF36 scores. QOL after LDLT may be lower than that of the general population. The continuing emotional bond with live donors after surgery may strongly affect the QOL of adult LDLT recipients

膀胱前腔に発生した異所性褐色細胞腫の1例

Paraganglioma, extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, are relatively rare in adults, with most arising from para-aortic sympathetic and visceral organs, such as the bladder. Paraganglioma localized at the extravesical retroperitoneal pelvic cavity is extremely rare. We report a case of symptomatic perivesical pheochromocytoma in a 34-year-old man treated by surgical excision. Symptoms related to cathecolamine secretion ceased after surgery, and the patient has remained disease-free for 24 months.異所性褐色細胞腫は大人では比較的稀な疾患であり、そのほとんどは傍大動脈神経や膀胱などの内臓臓器に発生する。膀胱前腔に発生した褐色細胞腫はきわめて稀であり、文献報告例が5例のみである。今回、膀胱前腔に発生した褐色細胞腫に対して外科的治療を施行した1例を経験したので報告する。症例は34歳、男性で排尿時痛を主訴に当院を受診。前立腺超音波にて前立腺腹側に腫瘤を認めた。以前より高血圧、高血糖の既往があり、5年前に原因不明のノルエピネフリンとドーパミン高値を認めていたため、当院でもホルモン検査施行。血清ノルアドレナリン、血清ドーパミン、尿中ノルアドレナリン、尿中VMAの異常高値を認めた。また131I-MIBGシンチグラムでは膀胱前腔に異常集積を認め異所性褐色細胞腫と診断し、骨盤内腫瘤切除術を施行。術後、排尿時痛は改善し高血糖や高血圧も改善した。術後24ヵ月経過しているが現在再発は認めていない。(著者抄録