Street Children’s Problems and Services in Indonesia : Centering on Jakarta

This paper concerning street children in Indonesia aims to clarify what street children are doing, why they have become street children and live in streets, and how they are supported in Indonesia, centering on Jakarta. As a result, this paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter is Introduction. The second chapter presents the description of current situation of street children, and the third chapter reviews the legislation on street children. The fourth chapter describes the care and services for street children, and the last chapter is Concluding remarks. The outline of this paper is as follows. Street children in Jakarta mostly work in the informal sector as shoe-shiners, street peddling, street singers, baggage carriers, car washers, beggars, and illegal parking assistants etc. People can find them easily in such areas as traditional market, mall, train station, bus station, or congested intersection. Poverty is regarded as one of the most notable reasons for being street children in Indonesia. Poverty clearly plays a major role in low school participation and drop out, pushing children to the street, pushing girl children into commercial sex industry, and pushing children to work full or part-time earlier. Furthermore, the urban phenomenon of street children in Indonesia is largely related to such serious family problems as family discord, domestic violence, divorce, abuse, remarriage involving children, and so on. The pattern of their dwellings varies from street children’s conditions. There are more than seven children who live together renting a small house in a common neighborhood, while there are lots of children using a place such as in front of a store, in the terminal, in a park, under a bridge, or in the market as their shelters. In relation to the services and protections for street children at the Government level, policy makers’ response was very late although they have been recognizing the serious street children’s problems over the last decade. Until 1996/7 government response to the problem of street children was similar response to the problems of adults Homeless and Beggars, which were based on the general idea that only income generating programs would be adequate. The first government sponsored program responding to the specific needs of street children implemented by Ministry of Social Affairs began only with a multi-year UNDP (United Nations Development Program) assisted project called “The Protection and Provision of Social Assistance to Street Children through Open House”. This program was designed and implemented as a crises response through intensive cooperation with NGOs in seven main cities in Indonesia. After the program the number of Open House (OH) fully managed by NGOs has been increasing since then. As a whole, OH aims to help street children to move out of street life, and it functions as a place where children may find refuge, education (literacy programs), foods, and psycho-social help. Although each NGO has their own way of helping street children through the intervention process in OH, the practices of NGOs basically cannot be separated from the political and economic conditions in Indonesia. Accordingly, some confusion and problems recently took place between government agencies and NGOs in the actual implementations of the OH concept and its operation. Consequently, OHs have had to face many obstacles in developing the centre including limited funds, limited authority and freedom to operate its own centre, the limited number of social workers to deal with the children in the centre and so on. After all, Indonesia Government does not yet enact the comprehensive legislation and policy for supporting street children, and so the Government seems to be irresponsible for Indonesia people because Government policy makers have not discharged their duty to save and support street children, although they have recognized the existence of lots of street children over the last decade.departmental bulletin pape

Factors Influencing Psychiatric Nurses’ Job Satisfaction Levels: Focusing on Their Frequency of Experiencing Negative Emotions Toward Patients and Support at Their Workplaces

Background: We examined factors influencing psychiatric nurses’ job satisfaction levels focusing on their frequency of experiencing negative emotions toward patients and support at their workplaces. Methods: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted involving 1,097 psychiatric nurses working at 13 psychiatric hospitals in the Chugoku area to investigate their basic attributes, work-related factors, and scores from 3 scales: the Negative Feeling toward Patient Frequency scale, an original support-in-workplace scale, and the new Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (job stress and satisfaction). Correlations between basic attributes/work-related factors and scores from each scale, and the relationships among the study items were analyzed. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was performed using the job satisfaction level. Results: The subjects were the 577 psychiatric nurses who returned valid responses without missing data (response rate: 60.4%, valid responses: 87.0%). The subjects were the 577 psychiatric nurses who returned valid responses without missing data (response rate: 60.4%, valid responses: 87.0%). To clarify the level of influence on the job satisfaction level of each variable, logistic regression analysis was performed adopting the stepwise method for all of the items that were correlated with the job satisfaction level as a dependent variable. Support (from supervisors) at the workplace (OR: 1.069), job stress (OR: 0.751), Negative Feeling toward Patient Frequency-Total scale scores (OR: 0.980) were found to influence the job satisfaction level. Conclusion: Support from supervisors may be indispensable, and working environments that reduce job stress and negative emotions toward patients may be required to increase the job satisfaction levels of psychiatric nurses. This survey suggested that the establishment and maintenance of favorable working environments and interpersonal relationships increase job satisfaction levels while reducing stress, thereby improving job retention among psychiatric nurses

Optical Reflection Spectra of CdCl 2 and CdBr2

The normal incidence optical reflection spectra have been measured in the region 4-11.5 eV for CdCl2 and CdBr2 single crystals. Exciton bands with doublet structures modified by a strong crystal field have been observed around the optical gap. In CdBr2 , four characteristic sharp lines have been observed in the intrinsic region about 3 eV above the optical gap. The low lying spectral structures are interpreted in terms of a halogen ion excitation moq.el. The crystal-field splitting energies of the ρ electrons of halogen ions are also estimated

Optical Evidence of Itinerant-Localized Crossover of 4f4f Electrons in Cerium Compounds

Cerium (Ce)-based heavy-fermion materials have a characteristic double-peak structure (mid-IR peak) in the optical conductivity [$\sigma(\omega)$] spectra originating from the strong conduction ($c$)--$f$ electron hybridization. To clarify the behavior of the mid-IR peak at a low $c$-$f$ hybridization strength, we compared the $\sigma(\omega)$ spectra of the isostructural antiferromagnetic and heavy-fermion Ce compounds with the calculated unoccupied density of states and the spectra obtained from the impurity Anderson model. With decreasing $c$-$f$ hybridization intensity, the mid-IR peak shifts to the low-energy side owing to the renormalization of the unoccupied $4f$ state, but suddenly shifts to the high-energy side owing to the $f$-$f$ on-site Coulomb interaction at a slight localized side from the quantum critical point (QCP). This finding gives us information on the change in the electronic structure across QCP.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. To appear in JPSJ (Letters

Evaluating the applicability of reliability prediction models between different software

Abstract The prediction of fault-prone modules in a large software system is an important part in software evolution. Since prediction models in past studies have been constructed and used for individual systems, it has not been practically investigated whether a prediction model based on one system can also predict fault-prone modules accurately in other systems. Our expectation is that if we could build a model applicable to different systems, it would be extremely useful for software companies because they do not need to invest manpower and time for gathering data to construct a new model for every system. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of prediction models between two software systems through two experiments. In the first experiment, a prediction model using 19 module metrics as predictor variables was constructed in each system and was applied to the opposite system mutually. The result showed predictors were too fit to the base data and could not accurately predict fault-prone modules in the different system. On the basis of this result, we focused on a set of predictors showing great effectiveness in every model; and, in consequent, we identified two metrics (Lines of Code and Maximum Nesting Level) as commonly effective predictors in all the models. In the second experiment, by constructing prediction models using only these two metrics, prediction performance were dramatically improved. This result suggests that the commonly effective model applicable to more than two systems can be constructed by focusing on commonly effective predictors

アメリカ合衆国の大学における社会福祉教育の実態と動向

This paper which contains recent information and tendency on U. S. social work education programs, faculty, and students, was made on the base of the data contained in those statistics on American social work education that had been published by Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). The data in this paper were supplied by 94 of the 97 CSWE-accredited graduate social work education programs and 311 of the 354 CSWE-accredited baccalaureate programs in the United States. The tables presented in this paper consist of respective responses to four survey items: (1) social work education programs and faculty; (2) statistics on baccalaureate social work education programs; (3) statistics on master\u27s social work programs; (4) statistics on doctoral social work programs

Factors affecting dozing among university nursing students and relevance of hidden insomnia

University students dozing in class is a common problem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dozing in class and lifestyle habits or attitudes from the perspective of hidden insomnia among university nursing students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 321 nursing students and 300 replies were obtained (93.5% return rate). Hidden insomnia was evaluated with the Hidden Insomnia check sheet developed by the Sleep Improvement Committee. Students who usually, sometimes, or occasionally dozed in class accounted for 26%, 28.3%, and 41.3% of the respondents, respectively. Fatigue was the most common reason for the students dozing in class. The percentage of nursing students with hidden insomnia was a high 96.7%, but a significant relationship was not found between dozing in class and hidden insomnia. On the other hand, a significant relationship was found between dozing and the duration of nocturnal sleep, frequency of lateness/absence, interest in the class, and unwillingness to attend university. The present findings showed that dozing in class was common among university nursing students. As measures to reduce dozing by nursing students, changing the awareness of the students and alleviation of fatigue are important, as well as improvement of the class content and/or teaching methods