Dissecting the effect of EGF starvation on the signaling and transcriptomic landscapes of the mouse intestinal epithelium

Die EGFR-Signalübertragung steuert viele verschiedene zelluläre Prozesse in allen Arten von Epithelzellen, einschließlich des Darmepithels. Diese Prozesse reichen von Proliferation und Wachstum über Differenzierung bis hin zu Autophagie und Apoptose. Die vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab, die Signalveränderungen zu charakterisieren, die im Darmepithel als Reaktion auf EGF-induzierten Hungerstress stattfinden. Kontraintuitiv führte eine 24-stündige EGF-Starre zu einer deutlichen Phosphorylierung von EGFR, MEK1/2 und ERK1/2, was auf eine Aktivierung dieser Signalachse in Darmzellen hindeutet. Diese Veränderungen waren am signifikantesten in den undifferenzierten CD44-reichen Krypta-Basiszellen. Interessanterweise war die EGF-Starvation-induzierte ERK1/2-Phosphorylierung mit der Hochregulierung einer Untergruppe von ERK-Zielgenen verbunden, bei denen es sich zumeist um primäre Zielgene handelt. Die Überexpression des EGFR-Liganden HBEGF und des FGFR-Liganden FGF1 in ausgehungerten Zellen könnte für die hungerbedingte Zunahme der MAPK-Aktivität verantwortlich sein, obwohl eine erhöhte Sekretion dieser Liganden durch ausgehungerte Organoide nicht bestätigt werden konnte. Dennoch wird die kompensatorische Ligandensekretion durch die Beobachtung gestützt, dass die erneute Zugabe von EGF zu ausgehungerten Organoiden die pERK1/2-Spiegel auf den Ausgangswert zurücksetzt, was bedeutet, dass EGF mit einem anderen von ausgehungerten Zellen sezernierten Liganden um den EGFR konkurriert. Zusätzlich zu HBEGF wurde festgestellt, dass andere Gene, die für den Schutz, das Überleben und die Regeneration des Darmepithels bekannt sind, in ausgehungerten Organoiden überexprimiert werden, wie z. B. Reg3b. Insgesamt können die in dieser Studie berichteten EGF-induzierten Veränderungen der MAPK-Signalübertragung und der globalen Genexpression als ein überlebensförderndes Programm interpretiert werden, das bevorzugt in Darmstammzellen und frühen Vorläuferzellen aktiviert wird.EGFR signaling drives many different cellular processes in all kinds of epithelial cells including the intestinal epithelium. Such processes range from proliferation and growth to differentiation to autophagy and apoptosis. The present study aims to characterize signaling changes that take place in the intestinal epithelium in response to EGF starvation-induced stress using epithelial organoids derived from the mouse duodenum and human colorectal tumor tissue. Counterintuitively, 24 h EGF starvation induced a prominent phosphorylation of EGFR, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 indicating an activation of this signaling axis in intestinal cells. These changes were most significant in the undifferentiated CD44-high crypt base cells. Interestingly, EGF starvation-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was associated with upregulation of a subset of ERK target genes that were mostly primary-response targets. Overexpression of the EGFR ligand HBEGF and the FGFR ligand FGF1 in starved cells may account for starvation-driven increase in MAPK activity, although an increased secretion of these ligands by starved organoids was not confirmed. Nevertheless, compensatory ligand secretion is still supported by the observation that EGF re-addition to starved organoids restores pERK1/2 levels to baseline which implies that EGF competes for EGFR with some other ligand secreted by starved cells. In addition to HBEGF, other genes known to promote protection, survival and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium were found to be overexpressed in starved organoids such as Reg3b. Collectively, EGF starvation-induced changes in MAPK signaling and global gene expression reported in this study can be interpreted as a pro-survival program that gets activated preferentially in intestinal stem cells and early progenitors

Digital Techniques and Their Role in Contemporary Graphic Art

Graphic arts are considered among the arts in which the technical factor is an essential one in terms of both structure and aesthetics. This type of art has an impact on the human creative thought and artistic innovation, since its distinguished artistic printing techniques produce distinctive aesthetic values which are characterized by a high degree of visual excitement that in turn affects intellectual excitement. The magic of the techniques of this art is considered a new factor that distinguishes it from other artistic creative methods.This research aims at studying digital art techniques and their role in contemporary graphic arts, particularly digital printmaking as well as its multiple outcomes. Furthermore, the aesthetics of the indicative structure of digital graphic arts, its extent of association with the traditional printmaking techniques, in addition to the connection of digital techniques with the social environment in terms of the expressive aspects and the paradox of accepting digital techniques by the plastic art society are invested. Digital art originated in the USA in 1957 and the first digital art exhibition was opened in Germany in 1965. Then, it began to spread globally, where numerous techniques were used to represent different creative ideas of contemporary artists. Following the modern technological development at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, digital printmaking continued to develop through the interest of graphic artists, where digital graphic techniques were mixed with traditional graphic techniques to form a homogeneous mixture of distinguished artistic works. The study concentrates on the nature of digital art, its evolution and development and techniques of digital drawing and design.[i] Keywords: Digital Art , Digital Techniques , Digital Drawing [i] Yassin, Hassan. (1999). New Plastic Possibilities of Artistic Print in Building Printing Surfaces (Colargraph and Silokit). PHD Thesis, Department of Printed Designs, College of Fine Arts, Alexandria, Egypt, (in Arabic

Three-dimensional Nano Temperature Sensors fabricated using focused ion beam chemical vapour deposition

IEEE-NANO 200

The heritability of milk yield and fat percentage in the Friesian cattle in the province of Friesland

The heritability of milk yield and fat percentage was calculated of herd-registered cattle in Friesland. The estimates were based on daughter-dam comparisons. Comparisons covered the first three lactations. The average heritability estimates of milk yield within sires, and according to the different kinds of soil, were 35.50 and 37.38 %, with daughter-dam regression and dam-daughter correlation, respectively. Under the same conditions the figures for fat percentage were 76.52 and 81.58 %, respectively.When the effect of different soils was ignored, average heritability estimates for milk were 36.58 and 38.60 %, respectively. The corresponding figures for fat percentage were 76.40 and 81.60 %, respectively.If the figures were not calculated on within-sire basis, the average heritability for milk yield was 39.60 and 40.60 %; whereas for fat percentage the estimates were 84.44 and 83.52 %, as calculated from daughter-dam regression, and damdaughter correlation, respectively.The most reliable estimates of heritability were by the within-sire daughterdam regression calculated for each of the different soil types.<p/

Designing and Validating Performance Standards for Clinical Instructors at Technical Institutes of Nursing

Context: The nursing program's success depends to a great extent on an effective clinical learning experience. Clinical instructors can utilize professional standards to identify areas for improvement in clinical practice. The importance of content validity of the developed standards and its relevance with reliability, have made it an essential step in the standards development.Aim: This study aims to design and validate performance standards for clinical instructors at the Technical Institutes of Nursing. Methods: The methodological design was utilized. This study was conducted in two sectors: Technical Institutes of Nursing at Port Said and Ismailia City, and their practical training settings. Two groups of participants were included in the study: clinical instructors and experts’ groups. The data was collected using two tools: An observational checklist and an expert opinion sheet. Results: The proposed performance standards had an appropriate level of content validity. The overall value of scale-content validity/universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) was equal to 0.852, and the overall value of scale-content validity/average (S-CVI/AVE) was equal to 0.988. The overall interrater reliability value of the proposed standards was 0.852. There were statistically significant differences between pre and post-dissemination of the proposed standards in the total mean percentages in all standards (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: This study concluded that the proposed developed standards are acceptable for use in the Technical Institutes of Nursing. The study recommended that the developed standards be applied and communicated to all clinical instructors in the Technical Institutes of Nursing, with clinical instructors' training on its implementation

The Penetration of Pollutant Productions on Dynamic Generated Power Operations Optimized Using a Novel Evolutionary Algorithm

At Present, the environmental protection penetrates public awareness to decrease atmospheric emissions as important efforts for increasing living quality in air from various gaseous effects. Technically, it has forced industrial sectors to control pollutant productions while operating machineries of engineering processes to keep all materials for final products. It has also forced the power system operation to modify operational strategies of thermal power plants considered pollutant productions from combustions of fossil fuels for reducing emissions. Moreover, reasonable decisions are needed to schedule combinations of generating units for providing electric energy with less pollutant discharges and more economically operation. In particular, these strategies are required by operational conditions and technical constraints for optimizing the operating cost included decreasing pollutant productions. This paper demonstrates new approaches for measuring pollutant penetrations embedded in single priority function. Results obtained show that the computation has different performances for 24 hours of the operation. Moreover, emission discharges are dominated gradually by higher contributors associated with scheduled power plants as emission requirements

EFFICIENCY OF HOST RESISTANCE AND FUNGICIDE APPLICATION FOR CONTROL OF POTATO LATE BLIGHT

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive dis-eases potato in Egypt and world wide. Stability of resistance to late blight was eva-luated in twenty five potato cultivars during 2003 and 2004 successive seasons un-der heavy natural infection. Data showed that the potato cultivars Altesse, Occania, Safrane and Soleia highly resistant while cultivars Daisy, Hermine and Isabel rec-orded the highest susceptibility to late blight. Application different fungicide against potato late blight revealed that Aquagen Bro and Previcur-N were the best effective fungicides in reducing disease severity and progress of late blight. Data showed also that the losses of tubers due to late blight in season 2003 ranged from 11.75 Kg/plot (cultivar Hermes) to 18.0 Kg/plot (cultivar Lady Roseta) while in season 2004, yield losses ranged from 11.25 Kg/plot (cultivar Hermes) to 23.75 Kg/plot (cultivar Spun-ta). The results demonstrate that integration of Previcur-N treatment with host resis-tance was effective in reducing late blight and tuber yield loss of potato

Flashback

Otero López, J.; Kintopp, S.; Alonso Quintás, E. (1994). Flashback. Vértigo. Revista de cine. (10):2-12. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/43001.Importación Masiva2121