Chief of Teng-chou (登州) Silla community from the call of "Ta-shih" (大使) from Ennin (円仁) Focusing on "The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law" (入唐求法巡礼行記)

Early in the ninth century, Shandong (山東) had established political, economic and cultural exchanges with Silla, Balhae and Japan, were realized by its maritime traffic and very important position. From the end of the seventh century at the latest, Silla formed communities on the area from the coast of the Shandong peninsula to the coastal area of Jianghuai area or South China. In this paper, we looked at the \u27Ta-shih\u27 of Shandong Teng-chou Silla community from Ennin\u27s historical record and examined the management system of Teng-chou Silla people. The characteristic of \u27Ta-shih\u27 has not been adequately studied yet. There are eight people called Ta-shih\u27 in Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu (藤原常嗣), Liu Mien (劉勉), Wang Yu-chen (王友真), Chang Pogo (張保皐), Lin (林), Chang Yong (張詠), Sol Chon (薛詮), Yu Sinon (劉慎言), etc. In Teng-chou, they are Lin and Chang Yong. In terms of the name of ennin, Zhang Yong promoted from Ya-ya (押衙) to T\u27ung-shih-chiang (同十将), at the same time \u27Ta-shih\u27 was also used. In the area under jurisdiction of the late Tang Dynasty, together with the administration of the garrison troops, Ya-ya and T\u27ung-shih-chiang have already switched from military to office. According to the era, the position of the Ya-ya has also declined, and in the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, it reached a lower level than T\u27ung-shih-chiang. From the designation of ennin\u27s "Ta-shih", the exchange of power between Lin Ta-shih and Chang Yong was also revealed.東アジアの歴史と動態 (East Asian History and Dynamics

“Blockbuster Dreams: Chimericanization in American Dreams in China and Finding Mr. Right”

Excerpt from The Power of Culture: Encounters between China and the United States, edited by Priscilla Robert

Homeless in the Fatherland: Xiao Hong’s Migrant Geographies

This article examines the multiple ways Chinese writers depicted the incorporation of female national subjects into the struggle to liberate Manchuria after it was annexed by Japan in 1932. Whereas male writers such as Xiao Jun (1907–1988) and Luo Binji (1917–1994) have integrated the multiethnic population of Manchuria, particularly foreign women, into the cause of liberation through marital and sexual relations, the female writer Xiao Hong (1911–1941) depicts the relationships of Russian Jewish, Korean, and Chinese refugee women as lateral friendships. Xiao Hong notes the presence of these three ethnic subjects outside the nation but does not seek to coopt them into China’s national cause, instead calling attention to a separate relationality, which literary scholars Françoise Lionnet and Shu-mei Shih term “minor transnationalism” (Lionnet and Shih 2005). They suggest that minor literatures and cultures are not always juxtaposed with major ones; instead, literary relationships can occur between minor cultures. Focusing on three friendships between minor subjects, this article analyzes and compares three short works by Xiao Hong—about a Russian Jew, a Korean, and Xiao Hong herself—and explores her problematization of diasporic nostalgia and the gendered incorporation of ethnic subjects into the cause of national liberation.  Keywords: Chinese literature, Xiao Hong, Manchuria, minor literature, diaspora, gende

Hard-to-Find Words in Web 3 (T-Z)

List of hard to find words

H. T. Tsiang: A Critical Overview of His Work in Literary and Social Context

A Chinese exile in the United States, H. T. Tsiang (1899-1971) wrote several books in English that represent pioneer works in the canon of Asian American literature. Although few know his work today, Tsiang is one of the earliest and most prolific innovators of Asian American literature, anticipating some of the appropriative methods, formal techniques, and critical strategies that have come to characterize the tradition

A k-epsilon modeling of near wall turbulence

A k-epsilon model is proposed for turbulent bounded flows. In this model, the turbulent velocity scale and turbulent time scale are used to define the eddy viscosity. The time scale is shown to be bounded from below by the Kolmogorov time scale. The dissipation equation is reformulated using the time scale, removing the need to introduce the pseudo-dissipation. A damping function is chosen such that the shear stress satisfies the near wall asymptotic behavior. The model constants used are the same as the model constants in the commonly used high turbulent Reynolds number k-epsilon model. Fully developed turbulent channel flows and turbulent boundary layer flows over a flat plate at various Reynolds numbers are used to validate the model. The model predictions were found to be in good agreement with the direct numerical simulation data

Sages, Sinners, and the Vernacularization of Buddhism in Nihon ryōiki

Nihon ryōiki is known as the earliest extant Buddhist anecdotal collection in Japan. Very little is known about its compiler, a monk named Kyōkai who belonged to the lower aristocracy and was active in the provinces rather than at the central court. Nihon ryōiki was compiled to keep a record of the miraculous events occurred in Japan. Like the tales documented in Buddhist sutras and Chinese anecdotal collections, Kyōkai insisted that similar events had happened in Japan in different ages and areas. Evidence of such miraculous events indicated, in Kyōkai’s view, that Japan, like India and China, was a land that deserved the Buddha’s salvation. Nihon ryōiki makes the case that the reason miraculous events occurred equally in Japan is the existence of Japanese sages of great virtue who were not inferior to Chinese sages. Although the reliability of the historical accounts in Nihon ryōiki is somewhat questionable, I am not interested in whether the Nihon ryōiki stories have any basis in reality, but rather in what has been changed and why the changes have been made. Stories that are adaptations from sutras or Chinese sources have been modified and adapted to become miraculous events that supposedly occurred in Japan. In the first chapter, I discuss how Kyōkai establishes a Japanese lineage of sagehood as evidence of Japan being a sacred land. In the second chapter, I focus on Prince Nagaya, who is depicted as a sinner who receives the penalty of death because he is unable to identify a “hidden sage”. In the third chapter, I examine the historical context of the Chinese monk Jianzhen’s arrival at Japan and introduce how Tiantai teachings were promoted by Jianzhen’s disciples, how a tale that asserted Prince Shōtoku was a reincarnation of monk Huisi spread. I also make a comparison between the Nihon ryōiki and a Chinese anecdotal collection titled Min bao ji to examine how Chinese influences are vernacularized and changed. Nihon ryōiki adopts a deliberate and consistent policy of vernacularizing its Chinese sources by changing key details in the stories and thereby adapting them to a Japanese context

On the Basic Equations for the Second-order Modeling of Compressible Turbulence

Equations for the mean and the turbulence quantities of compressible turbulent flows are derived in this report. Both the conventional Reynolds average and the mass-weighted Favre average were employed to decompose the flow variable into mean and turbulent quantities. These equations are to be used later in developing second-order Reynolds stress models for high-speed compressible flows. A few recent advances in modeling some of the terms in the equation due to compressibility effects are also summarized

RNG in turbulence and modeling of bypass transition

Two projects are considered: the Renormalization Group (RNG) analysis of turbulence modeling, and the calculation of bypass transition through turbulence modeling. RNG is a process which eliminates small scales on the uneliminated large scales as the change in the transport properties. It is because of this property of RNG that it was previously suggested that RNG could be used as a model builder in turbulence modeling. The possibility is studied of constructing RNG based turbulence models, and to try to proceed to do the modeling through RNG in parallel with the classical approach. The numerical predictions made by RNG models and by classical models is compared against data from Direct Numerical Simulation. While in an environment with freestream turbulence, the transition initiated by the instability of the laminar boundary layer to Tollmien-Schlichting waves is found to be a bypass one in which turbulent spots are formed without T-S wave amplification. The formation is a random process, and flow within a turbulent spot is almost fully turbulent. This suggests the possibility of using turbulence modeling to describe and predict the bypass transition