Effects of Infusion Lessons on Students’ Critical Thinking Attitudes

The present study was conducted with students of Yamaguchi Elementary School attached to the Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, with the purpose of fostering critical thinking attitudes based on an infusion approach. The aim of this study was to understand that thinking based on evidence is useful in solving problems in daily life. The results of the questionnaire survey showed a significant increase in the value of the items related to the importance of evidence. A qualitative analysis was conducted on the contents of the worksheets created by the children's self-initiated investigative study. The results showed that the children who expressed their own opinions during the investigation study were significantly more concerned about listening to the opinions of others who had different ideas than themselves than those who did not the investigation study.井上弥先生・樋口聡先生退職記念特集

Comparison of V̇O2 for buoyancy and propulsion during swimming between male and female

体脂肪は人体の水中体重を小さくするから, 水泳には体脂肪の多いことが有利な条件となる可能性がある。本研究は水泳の際に浮くために使われるV̇O2と推進のために使われるV̇O2を測定し, 水中体重の大小が実際の水泳にどれほどの影響を与えているかという点について検討したものである。 男女各3名, 計6名の泳者に, 泳速が0.6, 0.8及び1.0m/secのクロール泳を行わせ, V̇O2を測定した。その際腰に錘をつけて水中体重を増加させ, あるいは滑車を介した錘で腰を引き上げるようにして水中体重を減少させ, 各水中体重において上記の測定を行った。V̇O2値を水中体重に対してプロットすることによって得られる回帰直線の勾配から浮くためのV̇O2を, またY切片から安静時V̇O2を差し引くことによって推進のためのV̇O2を求めた。 1 浮くために必要なV̇O2は泳速とは無関係であり, その平均値は男子の方(352±140ml/min)が女子のそれ(186±83ml/min)より有意に大であった。この差は水中体重に大きく依存していて, 単位水中体重当りに換算すると男女の値は接近した(男子: 117±46ml/min, 女子: 91±36ml/min)。 2 推進のために用いられるV̇O2は, 泳速の増加に伴って指数関数的に増大した。その増加率は男子よりも女子の方が大であったが, それは女子の水泳能力が男子のそれより劣ることに関連していると考えられる。 3 総V̇O2に対する推進のためのV̇O2の割合は, 男子よりも女子において大きく, この点女子の水中体重の小さいことは水泳において有利な条件になっている。男子の世界記録に対する女子のそれの比率は, 競泳の場合には競走の場合より大きいが, この差は女子の体脂肪の多いことが水泳では有利に作用していることに由来するものと考えられる。Body fat lessens underwater body weight and may offer an advantage for swimming performance. The present study was undertaken to measure separately V̇O2 for buoyancy and that for propulsion during swimming in the swimming flume and to elucidate the advantage of lower underwater body weight in female. Three male swimmers and three female swimmers participated as the subjects. V̇O2 was measured during free style swimming at a constant speed of 0.6, 0.8 and l.0m/sec.Underwater weight was increased stepwisely by loading an extra-weight around the subject's waist or decreased by suspending a weight which pulls the waist upward via a wire and pulleies. V̇O2 at a given speed depended proportionally on the underwater weight. V̇O2 for propu1sion was estimated by subtracting resting V̇O2 from the intercept on the ordinate, and V̇O2 for buoyancy was calculated from the slope. 1) V̇O2 for buoyancy was independent of swimming speed and the average value for female swimmers was much smaller than that for male swimmers (352±140m1/min for male, 186±83m1/min for female). This difference in V̇O2 for buoyancy depended largely on the difference in underwater weight as the calculated values of V̇O2 for buoyancy per kg of underwater weight revealed much smaller difference between sexes (117±46m1/min for male, 91±36m1/min for female). 2) V̇O2 for propulsion increased exponentially with increasing speed. The increasing rate was larger in female than in male. This is probably because of relative inferiority of swimming ability in the female group in this study. 3) The rate of propulsion V̇O2 to total V̇O2 during swimming was larger in female than in male. This represents the advantage of lower underwater weight in female for swimming. This result offers the probable explanation for the discrepancy which exists in male-female ratio of the world records between swimming and running

Role of anatomical sites and correlated risk factors on the survival of orthodontic miniscrew implants:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objectives The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the failure rates of miniscrews related to their specific insertion site and explore the insertion site dependent risk factors contributing to their failure. Search methods An electronic search was conducted in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Knowledge, Scopus, MEDLINE and PubMed up to October 2017. A comprehensive manual search was also performed. Eligibility criteria Randomised clinical trials and prospective non-randomised studies, reporting a minimum of 20 inserted miniscrews in a specific insertion site and reporting the miniscrews’ failure rate in that insertion site, were included. Data collection and analysis Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Studies were sub-grouped according to the insertion site, and the failure rates for every individual insertion site were analysed using a random-effects model with corresponding 95% confidence interval. Sensitivity analyses were performed in order to test the robustness of the reported results. Results Overall, 61 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Palatal sites had failure rates of 1.3% (95% CI 0.3–6), 4.8% (95% CI 1.6–13.4) and 5.5% (95% CI 2.8–10.7) for the midpalatal, paramedian and parapalatal insertion sites, respectively. The failure rates for the maxillary buccal sites were 9.2% (95% CI 7.4–11.4), 9.7% (95% CI 5.1–17.6) and 16.4% (95% CI 4.9–42.5) for the interradicular miniscrews inserted between maxillary first molars and second premolars and between maxillary canines and lateral incisors, and those inserted in the zygomatic buttress respectively. The failure rates for the mandibular buccal insertion sites were 13.5% (95% CI 7.3–23.6) and 9.9% (95% CI 4.9–19.1) for the interradicular miniscrews inserted between mandibular first molars and second premolars and between mandibular canines and first premolars, respectively. The risk of failure increased when the miniscrews contacted the roots, with a risk ratio of 8.7 (95% CI 5.1–14.7). Conclusions Orthodontic miniscrew implants provide acceptable success rates that vary among the explored insertion sites. Very low to low quality of evidence suggests that miniscrews inserted in midpalatal locations have a failure rate of 1.3% and those inserted in the zygomatic buttress have a failure rate of 16.4%. Moderate quality of evidence indicates that root contact significantly contributes to the failure of interradicular miniscrews placed between the first molars and second premolars. Results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological drawbacks in some of the included studies

Achieving LDL cholesterol target levels <1.81 mmol/L may provide extra cardiovascular protection in patients at high risk: Exploratory analysis of the Standard Versus Intensive Statin Therapy for Patients with Hypercholesterolaemia and Diabetic Retinopathy study

Aims To assess the benefits of intensive statin therapy on reducing cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated with hyperlipidaemia and retinopathy in a primary prevention setting in Japan. In the intension-to-treat population, intensive therapy [targeting LDL cholesterol = 2.59 to = 100 to = 2.59 to <3.10 mmol/L in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and diabetic retinopathy