Examining the Relationships Among Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application.

Increased category salience is associated with increased stereotyping. Prior research has not examined the processes that may account for this relationship. That is, it is unclear whether category salience leads to increased stereotyping by increasing stereotype activation (i.e., increased accessibility of stereotypic information), application (i.e., increasing the tendency to apply activated stereotypes), or both processes simultaneously. We examined this question across three studies by manipulating category salience in an implicit stereotyping measure and by applying a process model that provides independent estimates of stereotype activation and application. Our results replicated past findings that category salience increases stereotyping. Modeling results showed that category salience consistently increased the extent of stereotype application but increased stereotype activation in more limited contexts. Implications for models of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed

A MECHANISM TO CORRELATE DISTRIBUTED LOGS TO PERFORM ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS AND SCOPE ASSESSMENT

For large distributed systems, it can be difficult to connect isolated types of data across multiple data logs, as well as to determine correlations among the data logs in order to perform root cause analysis during service outages such that a scope of damage can be assessed. Presented herein is a mechanism to correlate distributed data logs in order to perform root cause analysis and scope assessment. The mechanism may be utilized to analyze and resolve issues in large, complex distributed and/or cloud systems that generate high volumes of data logs

LONG SHORT TERM MEMORY BASED TOTAL TRAFFIC PREDICTION FOR CONTAINER LOAD BALANCING

Predictive load balancing is becoming increasingly relevant with the rapid adoption of machine learning models. Current load balancing approaches only considers the current state of the system, even though the current state of the system often varies. Accordingly, dispatch requests are provided herein which not only consider the current load on the system, but also the future load

USING EPBF TO SUPPORT DATA PLANE OBSERVABILITY WITH TRAFFIC MIRRORING

Techniques are presented herein that support a method for using the extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) to perform data plane traffic mirroring at an eXpress Data Path (XDP) level to provide data plane traffic observability. The presented techniques, which may be referred to herein as XeS, encompass an XeS agent component at a user level as well as an XeS server (i.e., an eBPF bytecode program) at a kernel level. The components may communicate through shared S-Map and F-Map tables. The presented techniques process Switch Port Analyzer (SPAN) source traffic efficiently at the XDP level immediately after packets arrive at the interface. Additionally, the presented techniques support Encapsulated Remote Switch Port Analyzer (ERSPAN) encapsulation and transmission to a destination through either a slow path (via the kernel Internet Protocol (IP) stack) or a fast path (directly at the XDP level using S-MAP entries installed by the XeS agent). For the fast path, the presented techniques support a new XDP-REPLICATE action code in addition to the existing XDP-REDIRECT or XDP-TX action codes

Hormander class of pseudo-differential operators on compact Lie groups and global hypoellipticity

In this paper we give several global characterisations of the Hormander class of pseudo-differential operators on compact Lie groups. The result is applied to give criteria for the ellipticity and the global hypoellipticity of pseudo-differential operators in terms of their matrix-valued full symbols. Several examples of the first and second order globally hypoelliptic differential operators are given. Where the global hypoelliptiticy fails, one can construct explicit examples based on the analysis of the global symbols.Comment: 20 page

Radium ion: A possible candidate for measuring atomic parity violation

Single trapped and laser cooled Radium ion as a possible candidate for measuring the parity violation induced frequency shift has been discussed here. Even though the technique to be used is similar to that proposed by Fortson [1], Radium has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most attractive part of Radium ion as compared to that of Barium ion is its mass which comes along with added complexity of instability as well as other issues which are discussed hereComment: Conference proceedin

Clinical evaluation of tuberculosis viability microscopy for assessing treatment response

Background. It is difficult to determine whether early tuberculosis treatment is effective in reducing the infectiousness of patients' sputum, because culture takes weeks and conventional acid-fast sputum microscopy and molecular tests cannot differentiate live from dead tuberculosis. Methods. To assess treatment response, sputum samples (n = 124) from unselected patients (n = 35) with sputum microscopy–positive tuberculosis were tested pretreatment and after 3, 6, and 9 days of empiric first-line therapy. Tuberculosis quantitative viability microscopy with fluorescein diacetate, quantitative culture, and acid-fast auramine microscopy were all performed in triplicate. Results. Tuberculosis quantitative viability microscopy predicted quantitative culture results such that 76% of results agreed within ±1 logarithm (r(S) = 0.85; P < .0001). In 31 patients with non-multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, viability and quantitative culture results approximately halved (both 0.27 log reduction, P < .001) daily. For patients with non-MDR tuberculosis and available data, by treatment day 9 there was a >10-fold reduction in viability in 100% (24/24) of cases and quantitative culture in 95% (19/20) of cases. Four other patients subsequently found to have MDR tuberculosis had no significant changes in viability (P = .4) or quantitative culture (P = .6) results during early treatment. The change in viability and quantitative culture results during early treatment differed significantly between patients with non-MDR tuberculosis and those with MDR tuberculosis (both P < .001). Acid-fast microscopy results changed little during early treatment, and this change was similar for non-MDR tuberculosis vs MDR tuberculosis (P = .6). Conclusions. Tuberculosis quantitative viability microscopy is a simple test that within 1 hour predicted quantitative culture results that became available weeks later, rapidly indicating whether patients were responding to tuberculosis therapy

Local thermal adaptation and limited gene flow constrain future climate responses of a marine ecosystem engineer.

Rising ocean temperatures and extreme temperature events have precipitated declines and local extinctions in many marine species globally, but patterns of loss are often uneven across species ranges for reasons that are poorly understood. Knowledge of the extent of local adaptation and gene flow may explain such patterns and help predict future trajectories under scenarios of climate change. We test the extent to which local differentiation in thermal tolerance is influenced by gene flow and local adaptation using a widely distributed intertidal seaweed (Hormosira banksii) from temperate Australia. Population surveys across ~2,000 km of the species range revealed strong genetic structuring at regional and local scales (global F ST = 0.243) reflecting extremely limited gene flow, while common garden experiments (14-day exposures to 15, 18, 21°C) revealed strong site differences in early development and mortality in response to elevated temperature. Embryos from many sites spanning a longitudinal thermal gradient showed suppressed development and increased mortality to elevated water temperatures, but populations originating from warmer and more variable thermal environments tended to be less susceptible to warming. Notably, there was significant local-scale variation in the thermal responses of embryos within regions which was corroborated by the finding of small-scale genetic differences. We expect the observed genetic and phenotypic differentiation to lead to uneven responses to warming sea surface temperatures in this important marine foundation species. The study highlights the challenges of predicting species responses to thermal stress and the importance of management strategies that incorporate evolutionary potential for "climate-proofing" marine ecosystems

УСКОРЕННЫЙ СИНЕРГИЗМ ВДОЛЬ РАЗЛОМА: ВОЗМОЖНЫЙ ИНДИКАТОР НЕИЗБЕЖНОГО КРУПНОГО ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЯ

It is generally accepted that crustal earthquakes are caused by sudden displacement along faults, which rely on two primary conditions. One is that the fault has a high degree of synergism, so that once the stress threshold is reached, fault segments can be connected rapidly to facilitate fast slip of longer fault sections. The other is sufficient strain accumulated at some portions of the fault which can overcome resistance to slip of the high-strength portions of the fault. Investigations to such processes would help explore how to detect short-term and impending precursors prior to earthquakes. A simulation study on instability of a straight fault is conducted in the laboratory. From curves of stress variations, the stress state of the specimen is recognized and the meta-instability stage is identified. By comparison of the observational information from the press machine and physical parameters of the fields on the sample, this work reveals differences of temporal-spatial evolution processes of fault stress in the stages of stress deviating from linearity and meta-instability. The results show that due to interaction between distinct portions of the fault, their independent activities turn gradually into a synergetic activity, and the degree of such synergism is an indicator for the stress state of the fault. This synergetic process of fault activity includes three stages: generation, expansion and increase amount of strain release patches, and connection between them.. The first stage begins when the stress curve deviates from linearity, different strain variations occur at every portions of the fault, resulting in isolated areas of stress release and strain accumulation. The second stage is associated with quasi-static instability of the early meta-instability when isolated strain release areas of the fault increase and stable expansion proceeds. And the third stage corresponds to the late meta-instability, i.e. quasi-dynamic instability as both the expansion of strain release areas and rise of strain level of strain accumulation areas are accelerated. The synergism is accelerated when the quasi-static expansion transforms into quasi-dynamic expansion, with interaction between fault segments as its mechanism. The essence of such transformation is that the expansion mechanism has changed, i.e. expansion of isolated fault segments is replaced by linkage of the interacting segments when the fault enters the critical state of a potential earthquake. Based on the experimental results, coupled with data on the temporal-spatial evolution of earthquakes along the Laohushan-Maomaoshan fault, west of the Haiyuan fault zone in northwestern China, the synergism process of this fault before the 6 June 2000 M6.2 earthquake is analyzed. Обычно принято считать, что причиной землетрясений земной коры является внезапное смещение вдоль разлома при наличии двух основных условий. Первое условие связано с высоким синергизмом разлома, когда при достижении предельного уровня напряжений отдельные участки разлома очень быстро соединяются друг с другом, способствуя быстрому смещению более длинных участков данного разлома. Второе условие заключается в значительном напряжении, накопленном на отдельных участках разлома, при котором может быть преодолено сопротивление смещению высокопрочных участков разлома. Исследование таких процессов может помочь в выявлении краткосрочных неизбежных предвестников, проявляющихся перед землетрясениями. В лабораторных условиях проводится моделирование состояния нестабильности прямого разлома. Полученные кривые вариаций напряжений позволили установить состояния напряжений модели и выявить стадию метанестабильности. В данной работе проведено сравнение данных, полученных путем наблюдения процесса на модельной установке, с физическими параметрами полей образца и выявлены различия процессов пространственно-временного развития разломных напряжений по стадиям, когда отмечены отклонения напряжений от линейности и метанестабильности. Результаты исследования показали, что вследствие взаимодействия отдельных участков разлома их независимая активность постепенно переходит в синергетическую активность, и такой синергизм является показателем состояния напряжений разлома. Процесс синергетической активности разлома проходит три стадии развития: возникновение небольших участков, где высвобождаются напряжения, расширение и увеличение размеров таких участков высвобождения напряжений и соединение участков, где идет высвобождение напряжений. Первая стадия начинается, когда кривая напряжений отклоняется от линейности, при этом на каждом участке разлома имеют место вариации напряжений, в результате чего появляются отдельные изолированные участки, где происходит высвобождение и накопление напряжений. Вторая стадия связана с квазистатической нестабильностью ранней метанестабильности, когда отдельные участки разлома, где идет высвобождение напряжений, увеличиваются в размерах и продолжается их стабильное расширение. Третья стадия соответствует поздней метанестабильности, т.е. квазидинамической нестабильности, поскольку ускоряются как расширение участков высвобождения напряжений, так и усиление уровня напряжений на участках накопления напряжений. Синергизм ускоряется, когда квазистатические трансформации переходят в квазидинамическое расширение, при этом действует механизм взаимодействия между участками разлома. Суть такой трансформации заключается в изменении  механизма расширения участков – расширение изолированных участков разлома сменяется на слияние таких участков при их взаимодействии, когда разлом входит в критическую стадию потенциального землетрясения. На основе данных, полученных экспериментальным путем и дополненных информацией о пространственно-временной эволюции землетрясений вдоль разлома Лаохушан-Маомаошан в западной части разломной зоны Хайюань в Северо-Восточном Китае, проанализирован процесс синергизма данного разлома перед землетрясением магнитудой 6.2, которое произошло 6 июня 2000 г.

Sputum microscopy with fluorescein diacetate predicts tuberculosis infectiousness

Background. Sputum from patients with tuberculosis contains subpopulations of metabolically active and inactive Mycobacterium tuberculosis with unknown implications for infectiousness. Methods. We assessed sputum microscopy with fluorescein diacetate (FDA, evaluating M. tuberculosis metabolic activity) for predicting infectiousness. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was quantified in pretreatment sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis using FDA microscopy, culture, and acid-fast microscopy. These 35 patients’ 209 household contacts were followed with prevalence surveys for tuberculosis disease for 6 years. Results. FDA microscopy was positive for a median of 119 (interquartile range [IQR], 47–386) bacteria/µL sputum, which was 5.1% (IQR, 2.4%–11%) the concentration of acid-fast microscopy–positive bacteria (2069 [IQR, 1358–3734] bacteria/μL). Tuberculosis was diagnosed during follow-up in 6.4% (13/209) of contacts. For patients with lower than median concentration of FDA microscopy–positive M. tuberculosis, 10% of their contacts developed tuberculosis. This was significantly more than 2.7% of the contacts of patients with higher than median FDA microscopy results (crude hazard ratio [HR], 3.8; P = .03). This association maintained statistical significance after adjusting for disease severity, chemoprophylaxis, drug resistance, and social determinants (adjusted HR, 3.9; P = .02). Conclusions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was FDA microscopy negative was paradoxically associated with greater infectiousness. FDA microscopy–negative bacteria in these pretreatment samples may be a nonstaining, slowly metabolizing phenotype better adapted to airborne transmission