Forage Potential of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and Effects of Additives on Silage Fermentation

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2020. 8. 김종근.Silage corn, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and proso millet are versatile summer forage crops that can be fed as soilage or conversed as silage. However, in South Korea, proso millet is rarely used as silage to feed ruminants. This experiment was carried out at Pyeongchang, Korea, in order to compare the productivity, the fermentation dynamic and the effects of different additives on silage fermentation of the three forage crops. The studies were conducted from May to December, 2019. Proso millet (Golden) was sown on June 8th and harvested on September 5th. Silage corn (Gwangpyeongok) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Turbo-gold) were planted on May 10th and harvested on September 10th. Yield was significantly affected by crop species. The fresh yield of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (121,733 kg/ha) was significantly higher than those of proso millet (25,350 kg/ha) and corn (67,557 kg/ha) (p<0.05). The highest yield of total digestible nutrients (TDN) was corn (14,378 kg/ha), while the lowest was proso millet (4711 kg/ha). The fermentation dynamics of proso millet, corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid silages were evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. The results showed that during the ensiling period, the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of all crops decreased significantly (p<0.05). As the fermentation proceeds, the content of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased slightly, and corn was always higher than proso millet and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The pH of all crops dropped rapidly in the early stage of fermentation and stabilized in the later stage. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts of the three crops silage reached the maximum on the 10th day were proso millet 6.90 log10 cfu/g FW, corn 7.77 log10 cfu/g FW and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid 6.95 log10 cfu/g FW. As the ensiling progressed, the lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) content of the three crop silages increased significantly (p<0.05). For the effect of additives on crop fermentation, treatments included control (without additive), with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP, 1.0×106 CFU/g fresh matter), and formic acid (FA, 98%, 5ml/kg). All silages were prepared and stored for 60 days. The results showed that additives had significant effects on improving the fermentation quality of crops, and different additives had different effects on different crops. All additives significantly increased the CP content and IVDMD of silages, and reduced the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Compared with the control, whether FA or LP was added, the WSC of the three crops were largely preserved. The WSC in the proso millet treated with FA was the highest. The use of LP significantly increased the LA content of silage, while the use of FA significantly increased the content of AA (p<0.05). The highest count of LAB was detected in the treatment of LP in corn. Based on the results of this study, proso millet is also a good choice for silage. In addition, when preparing silage, formic acid and lactic acid bacteria inoculant improved the quality and fermentation pattern of silage.사일리지용 옥수수, 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 그리고 기장은 청예 또는 사일리지 형태로 가축에 급여할 수 있는 다목적 여름철 사료작물이다. 그러나 한국에서는 기장의 경우 가축의 사료로 거의 이용되지 않는다. 본 시험은 사일리지용 옥수수, 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 그리고 기장에 대하여 생산성의 검토와 발효 양상 그리고 서로 다른 첨가제의 처리가 사일리지 발효에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위해 강원도 평창에서 수행되었다. 이 연구는 2019년 5월부터 12월까지 수행되었다. 기장(Golden)은 6월 8일에 파종하였고, 9월 5일에 수확하였다. 사일리지용 옥수수(광평옥)과 수수-수단그라스 교잡종(Turbo-gold)은 5월 10일에 파종하였으며, 9월 10일에 수확하였다. 수량은 작물의 종류에 따라 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 생초수량은 수수-수단그라스 교잡종이(121,733 kg/ha) 기장(25,350 kg/ha)과 옥수수(67,557 kg/ha)보다 유의적으로 많았다(p<0.05). TDN 수량은 옥수수가 가장 많았고(14,378 kg/ha) 기장이 가장 적었다(4,711 kg/ha). 기장, 사일리지용 옥수수 및 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 사일리지의 발효양상을 구명하기 위해 사일리지 저장 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 및 45일후에 조사를 하였다. 저장기간동안 건물(DM), 조단백질(CP) 및 수용성 탄수화물(WSC) 함량은 모든 작물에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 발효가 진행됨에 따라 in vitro 건물 소화율(IVDMD)은 약간 감소하였고 옥수수는 기장 및 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 보다 항상 높았다. 공시된 작물들의 pH는 발효 초기에 급격히 감소하였고 후기로 갈수록 안정되었다. 젖산균수는 발효 10일째에 모두 최고에 도달하였는데 기장은 6.90 log 10 cfu/g FW 이었고 옥수수는 7.77 그리고 수수-수단그라스 교잡종은 6.95 10 cfu/g FW 이었다. 사일리지 발효가 진행됨에 따라 모든 작물의 사일리지에서 젖산 및 초산 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 사일리지 발효에 대한 첨가제 효과를 규명하기 위해 무처리(Control), 젖산균(LP, Lactobacillus plantarum, 1.0×106 CFU/g fresh matter) 그리고 개미산(FA, formic acid, 98%, 5ml/kg) 처리하였다, 모든 사일리지는 조제 후 60일동안 보관하였다. 첨가제 처리는 작물들의 발효 품질을 개선시키는 효과가 있었다. 서로 다른 첨가제는 각각의 작물별로 다른 효과를 나타내었다. 모든 첨가제는 사일리지의 조단백질과 in vitro 건물 소화율을 증가시켰고 암모니아태 질소 (NH3-N) 함량을 감소시켰다. 대조구와 비교할 때 개미산 및 젖산균 처리구는 모든 작물에서 수용성 탄소화물이 대부분 보존되었다. 특히 개미산을 처리한 기장 사일리지에서 수용성 탄수화물이 가장 높았다. 젖산균첨가제 처리는 사일리지의 젖산함량을 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, 반면 개미산 처리는 초산함량을 유의적으로 증가시켰다(p<0.05). 젖산균을 처리한 옥수수 사일리지가 젖산균수가 가장 많았다. 본 시험 결과에 의하면 기장은 사일리지로의 이용 가능성이 매우 높았다. 또한 사일리지 조제시 개미산 및 젖산균 첨가제는 사일리지의 품질 및 발효양상을 개선시켜 주었다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Aim of research 4 2. Literature review 5 2.1 Forage crop 5 2.1.1 Silage corn 5 2.1.2 Sorghum - sudangrass hybrids 6 2.1.3 Proso Millet 7 2.2 Preservation method 8 2.3 Silage fermentation 11 2.3.1 Ensiling process 11 2.3.2 Chemical changes of nutrients 13 2.4 Silage microbiology 14 2.4.1 Lactic acid bacteria 15 2.4.2 Enterobacteria 16 2.4.3 Yeasts and Molds 16 2.4.4 Clostridia 17 2.4.5 Aerobic bacteria 18 2.5 Silage additive 18 2.5.1 Fermentation stimulants 18 2.5.2 Fermentation inhibitors 20 2.5.3 Aerobic deterioration inhibitors 21 2.5.4 Nutrients 22 2.5.5 Absorbents 22 2.6 Evaluation of silage quality 23 3. Materials and Methods 25 3.1 General information 25 3.2 Materials preparation 27 3.2.1 Raw materials preparation 27 3.2.2 Silage making 29 3.2.3 Sensory evaluation of silage 30 3.3 Chemical analysis 32 3.3.1 Crude protein analysis 32 3.3.2 Fiber analysis 32 3.3.3 Calculation of TDN 33 3.3.4 Calculation of RFV 33 3.3.5 Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) 34 3.4 Fermentation characteristics 35 3.4.1 Acidity(pH) 36 3.4.2 Organic acid 37 3.4.3 Buffering Capacity 38 3.4.4 Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) / Total nitrogen (TN) 39 3.5 Microbial analysis 39 3.6 In vitro digestibility analysis 40 3.7 Statistical analysis 42 4. Results and Discussions 43 4.1 Productivity of forage crop 43 4.2 Analysis of forage quality of raw material 44 4.2.1 Chemical compositions and feed values 44 4.2.2 Pre-ensiled characteristics 48 4.2.3 Microorganisms 50 4.3 Analysis of fermentation dynamics of silage 51 4.3.1 Chemical composition during ensiling 52 4.3.2 Fermentation quality during ensiling 55 4.3.3 Organic acids of silage during ensiling 59 4.3.4 Microbial compositions of silage during ensiling 63 4.4 Analysis of effects of additives on silage 66 4.4.1 Sensory evaluation of silage 66 4.4.2 Chemical composition of silage with different additives 67 4.4.3 Fermentation quality of silage with different additives 73 4.4.4 Organic acids of silage with different additives 77 4.4.5 Microbial counts of silage with different additives 82 5. Conclusion 85 6. Bibliography 88 7. Abstract in Korean 107Maste

Hanle detection for optical clocks

Considering the strong inhomogeneous spatial polarization and intensity distribution of spontaneous decay fluorescence due to the Hanle effect, we propose and demonstrate a universe Hanle detection configuration of electron-shelving method for optical clocks. Experimental results from Ca atomic beam optical frequency standard with 423 nm electron-shelving method show that a designed Hanle detection geometry with optimized magnetic field direction, detection laser beam propagation and polarization direction, and detector position can improve the fluorescence collection rate by more than one order of magnitude comparing with that of inefficient geometry. With the fixed 423 nm fluorescence, the improved 657 nm optical frequency standard signal intensity is presented. And the potential application of the Hanle detection geometry designed for facilitating the fluorescence collection for optical lattice clock with a limited solid angle of the fluorescence collection has been discussed. This Hanle detection configuration is also effective for ion detection in ion optical clock and quantum information experiments. Besides, a cylinder fluorescence collection structure is designed to increase the solid angle of the fluorescence collection in Ca atomic beam optical frequency standard.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Similarities and differences of functional connectivity in drug-naïve, first-episode adolescent and young adult with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are considered two distinct psychiatric disorders. Yet, they have considerable overlap in symptomatology and clinical features, particularly in the initial phases of illness. The amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) appear to have critical roles in these disorders; however, abnormalities appear to manifest differently. In our study forty-nine drug-naïve, first-episode MDD, 45 drug-naïve, first-episode SZ, and 50 healthy control (HC) participants from 13 to 30 years old underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional connectivity (FC) between the amygdala and PFC was compared among the three groups. Significant differences in FC were observed between the amygdala and ventral PFC (VPFC), dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (dACC) among the three groups. Further analyses demonstrated that MDD showed decreased amygdala-VPFC FC and SZ had reductions in amygdala-dACC FC. Both the diagnostic groups had significantly decreased amygdala-DLPFC FC. These indicate abnormalities in amygdala-PFC FC and further support the importance of the interaction between the amygdala and PFC in adolescents and young adults with these disorders. Additionally, the alterations in amygdala-PFC FC may underlie the initial similarities observed between MDD and SZ and suggest potential markers of differentiation between the disorders at first onset

Non-close-packed breath figures via ion-partitioning-mediated self-assembly

We report a one-step method of forming non-close-packed (NCP) pore arrays of micro- and sub-micropores using chloroform-based solutions of polystyrene acidified with hydrogen bromide for breath figure (BF) patterning. As BF patterning takes place, water vapor condenses onto the polystyrene solution, forming water droplets on the solution surface. Concurrently, preferential ion partitioning of hydrogen bromide leads to positively charged water droplets, which experience interdroplet electrostatic repulsion. Self-organization of charged water droplets because of surface flow and subsequent evaporation of the droplet templates result in ordered BF arrays with pore separation/diameter (L/D) ratios of up to 16.5. Evidence from surface potential scans show proof for preferential ion partitioning of HBr. Radial distribution functions and Voronoi polygon analysis of pore arrays show that they possess a high degree of conformational order. Past fabrication methods of NCP structures typically require multi-step processes. In contrast, we have established a new route for facile self-assembly of previously inaccessible patterns, which comprises of only a single operational step

P-Glycoprotein/MDR1 Regulates Pokemon Gene Transcription Through p53 Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), encoded by the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene, is an efflux transporter and plays an important role in pharmacokinetics. In this study, we demonstrated that the pokemon promoter activity, the pokemon mRNA and protein expression can be significantly inhibited by Pgp. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Pgp can bind the pokemon prompter to repress pokemon transcription activity. Furthermore, Pgp regulated pokemon transcription activity through expression of p53 as seen by use of p53 siRNA transfected MCF-7 cells or p53 mutated MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, p53 was detected to bind with Pgp in vivo using immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, we conclude that Pgp can regulate the expression of pokemon through the presence of p53, suggesting that Pgp is a potent regulator and may offer an effective novel target for cancer therapy

Structural and functional abnormities of amygdala and prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder with suicide attempts

Finding neural features of suicide attempts (SA) in major depressive disorder (MDD) may be helpful in preventing suicidal behavior. The ventral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as the amygdala form a circuit implicated in emotion regulation and the pathogenesis of MDD. The aim of this study was to identify whether patients with MDD who had a history of SA show structural and functional connectivity abnormalities in the amygdala and PFC relative to MDD patients without a history of SA. We measured gray matter volume in the amygdala and PFC and amygdala-PFC functional connectivity using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 158 participants [38 MDD patients with a history of SA, 60 MDD patients without a history of SA, and 60 healthy control (HC)]. MDD patients with a history of SA had decreased gray matter volume in the right and left amygdala (F = 30.270, P = 0.000), ventral/medial/dorsal PFC (F = 15.349, P = 0.000), and diminished functional connectivity between the bilateral amygdala and ventral and medial PFC regions (F = 22.467, P = 0.000), compared with individuals who had MDD without a history of SA, and the HC group. These findings provide evidence that the amygdala and PFC may be closely related to the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior in MDD and implicate the amygdala-ventral/medial PFC circuit as a potential target for suicide intervention

Structural and functional abnormities of amygdala and prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder with suicide attempts

Finding neural features of suicide attempts (SA) in major depressive disorder (MDD) may be helpful in preventing suicidal behavior. The ventral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as the amygdala form a circuit implicated in emotion regulation and the pathogenesis of MDD. The aim of this study was to identify whether patients with MDD who had a history of SA show structural and functional connectivity abnormalities in the amygdala and PFC relative to MDD patients without a history of SA. We measured gray matter volume in the amygdala and PFC and amygdala-PFC functional connectivity using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 158 participants [38 MDD patients with a history of SA, 60 MDD patients without a history of SA, and 60 healthy control (HC)]. MDD patients with a history of SA had decreased gray matter volume in the right and left amygdala (F = 30.270, P = 0.000), ventral/medial/dorsal PFC (F = 15.349, P = 0.000), and diminished functional connectivity between the bilateral amygdala and ventral and medial PFC regions (F = 22.467, P = 0.000), compared with individuals who had MDD without a history of SA, and the HC group. These findings provide evidence that the amygdala and PFC may be closely related to the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior in MDD and implicate the amygdala-ventral/medial PFC circuit as a potential target for suicide intervention

Soil Chemical Properties Depending on Fertilization and Management in China: A Meta-Analysis

The long-term overuse of fertilizers negatively affects soil chemical properties and health, causing unsustainable agricultural development. Although many studies have focused on the effects of long-term fertilization on soil properties, few comparative and comprehensive studies have been conducted on fertilization management over the past 35 years in China. This meta-analysis (2058 data) evaluated the effects of the fertilizer, climate, crop types, cultivation duration and soil texture on the soil chemical properties of Chinese croplands. NPKM (NPK fertilizers + manure) led to the highest increase in pH (−0.1), soil organic carbon (SOC) (+67%), total nitrogen (TN) (+63%), alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) (+70%), total phosphorus (TP) (+149%) and available potassium (AK) (+281%) compared to the unfertilized control, while the sole nitrogen fertilizer (N) led to the lowest increase. The SOC (+115%) and TN (+84%) showed the highest increase under the influence of NPKM in an arid region. The increase in the chemical properties was higher in unflooded crops, with the maximum increase in the wheat–maize rotation, compared to rice, under NPKM. The SOC and TN increased faster under the influence of organic fertilizers (manure or straw) compared to mineral fertilization. Fertilizers produced faster effects on the change in the SOC and TN in sandy loam compared to the control. Fertilizers showed the highest and lowest effects on change in pH, organic C to total N ratio (C/N), TP and TK in clay loam with the cultivation duration. NPKM greatly increased the C/N compared to NPK in an arid region by 1.74 times and in wheat by 1.86 times. Reaching the same SOC increase, the lowest TN increase was observed in wheat, and the lowest increase in TP and AK was observed in rice, compared to the other crops. These results suggest that organic fertilizers (manure or straw) play important roles in improving soil fertility and in acidification. NPKM greatly increased the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat and in the arid region. The small increases in TP and TK can increase the SOC in rice and in the humid region. Therefore, considering the crop types and climatic conditions, reduced fertilization and the combination of mineral fertilizers with manure may be the best ways to avoid agricultural soil deterioration and increase soil carbon sequestration