Theoretical and lidar studies of the density response of the mesospheric sodium layer to gravity wave perturbations

The density response of atmospheric layers to gravity waves is developed in two forms, an exact solution and a perturbation series solution. The degree of nonlinearity in the layer density response is described by the series solution whereas the exact solution gives insight into the nature of the responses. Density perturbation in an atmospheric layer are shown to be substantially greater than the atmospheric density perturbation associated with the propagation of a gravity wave. Because of the density gradients present in atmospheric layers, interesting effects were observed such as a phase reversal in the linear layer response which occurs near the layer peak. Once the layer response is understood, the sodium layer can be used as a tracer of atmospheric wave motions. A two dimensional digital signal processing technique was developed. Both spatial and temporal filtering are utilized to enhance the resolution by decreasing shot noise by more han 10 dB. Many of the features associated with a layer density response to gravity waves were observed in high resolution density profiles of the mesospheric sodium layer. These include nonlinearities as well as the phase reversal in the linear layer response

Variables That Affect Success in Debate

This study examines the effect of the six traditional categories of debate evaluation on the A.F.A. Form C and Form W ballots upon win/loss and gender. It also examines the effect of nonperformance variables, such as proximity, gender of the debaters, and gender of the judge, upon the outcome of intercollegiate debates. The data were gathered from the Owen L. Coon Memorial Debate Tournament hosted by Northwestern University in February, 1983. In all, the data pool consisted of 42 debates. The data were submitted to analysis to the SAS computer program at Eastern Illinois University. The results of the discriminant analysis indicated that winners and losers could be classified according to analysis, reasoning, evidence, organization, refutation, and delivery over 60% of the time. The results of a t-test indicated that there was no significant difference, however, in relation to scoring on delivery between winners and losers. The results of the discriminant analysis of the gender dependent measure indicates that the categories predict gender less than 60% of the time. The t-test showed there was no significant difference in regard to the six categories with the exception of delivery in which females scored higher. An analysis of variance was performed upon the dependent measure decision. The results indicated that there is an interaction of composition of the team and proximity of the team to the judge that affects the outcome in intercollegiate debate. The analysis of variance performed upon the dependent measure of team rating points found that there was an interaction of composition, proximity, and, in this instance, gender of the judge. This indicates that nonperformance variables are a factor in the outcome of a debate, as well as the traditional categories of evaluation

On Empire\u27s Shore: Free and Unfree Workers in Galveston, Texas, 1840-1860

In Galveston, Texas-the small but thriving seaport that served as the state\u27s commercial emporium-poor whites and enslaved African-Americans often interacted in ways uncommon in southern slave society and unsettling to the slaveholders whose economic, social, and political dominance required a unified white commitment to black inferiority. Social interaction among enslaved black and common white people, who shared few of the material advantages of white supremacy, represented a dangerous blurring of established racial lines and posed a potential threat to the social control of slaveholders and to the rigid hierarchy of southern slave society. Such relations developed as African-American bondspeople and white casual laborers spent much of their time together working at menial and arduous tasks; living side-by-side in impoverished neighborhoods; and socializing in homes, liquor stores, brothels, and saloons. As in other antebellum port cities, the degree of interracial socialization in Galveston worried the slaveholding elite to such an extent that the city repeatedly passed laws carrying increasingly harsh penalties designed to draw more clearly the color line between black and white workers. In examining such interaction, this article challenges the whiteness interpretation of antebellum labor history, which argues that white workers became virulently racist in order to distance themselves from black people

On Empire\u27s Shore: Free and Unfree Workers in Galveston, Texas, 1840-1860

In Galveston, Texas-the small but thriving seaport that served as the state\u27s commercial emporium-poor whites and enslaved African-Americans often interacted in ways uncommon in southern slave society and unsettling to the slaveholders whose economic, social, and political dominance required a unified white commitment to black inferiority. Social interaction among enslaved black and common white people, who shared few of the material advantages of white supremacy, represented a dangerous blurring of established racial lines and posed a potential threat to the social control of slaveholders and to the rigid hierarchy of southern slave society. Such relations developed as African-American bondspeople and white casual laborers spent much of their time together working at menial and arduous tasks; living side-by-side in impoverished neighborhoods; and socializing in homes, liquor stores, brothels, and saloons. As in other antebellum port cities, the degree of interracial socialization in Galveston worried the slaveholding elite to such an extent that the city repeatedly passed laws carrying increasingly harsh penalties designed to draw more clearly the color line between black and white workers. In examining such interaction, this article challenges the whiteness interpretation of antebellum labor history, which argues that white workers became virulently racist in order to distance themselves from black people

Slavery, Resistance, Freedom

Understanding Slavery When in the 1950s mainstream historians rediscovered slavery as the prime cause of the American Civil War, African Americans nevertheless often remained absent in accounts of the war and its causes. Slavery might have been central to the conflict but only insofar as t...

Variables That Affect Success in Debate

This study examines the effect of the six traditional categories of debate evaluation on the A.F.A. Form C and Form W ballots upon win/loss and gender. It also examines the effect of nonperformance variables, such as proximity, gender of the debaters, and gender of the judge, upon the outcome of intercollegiate debates. The data were gathered from the Owen L. Coon Memorial Debate Tournament hosted by Northwestern University in February, 1983. In all, the data pool consisted of 42 debates. The data were submitted to analysis to the SAS computer program at Eastern Illinois University. The results of the discriminant analysis indicated that winners and losers could be classified according to analysis, reasoning, evidence, organization, refutation, and delivery over 60% of the time. The results of a t-test indicated that there was no significant difference, however, in relation to scoring on delivery between winners and losers. The results of the discriminant analysis of the gender dependent measure indicates that the categories predict gender less than 60% of the time. The t-test showed there was no significant difference in regard to the six categories with the exception of delivery in which females scored higher. An analysis of variance was performed upon the dependent measure decision. The results indicated that there is an interaction of composition of the team and proximity of the team to the judge that affects the outcome in intercollegiate debate. The analysis of variance performed upon the dependent measure of team rating points found that there was an interaction of composition, proximity, and, in this instance, gender of the judge. This indicates that nonperformance variables are a factor in the outcome of a debate, as well as the traditional categories of evaluation

Operating manual for the RRL 8 channel data logger

A data collection device which takes measurements from external sensors at user specified time intervals is described. Three sensor ports are dedicated to temperature, air pressure, and dew point. Five general purpose sensor ports are provided. The user specifies when the measurements are recorded as well as when the information is read or stored in a minicomputer or a paper tape

Portable lightweight cell provides controlled environment

Inflatable, lightweight cell provides a separate, secondary environment for a spacesuited man in case of spacesuit damage or malfunction. The cell has a pressure-sealing zipper and is equipped to maintain a livable atmosphere