Motor-vehicle crash patient injury patterns from a level one trauma center in a metropolitan city: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Motorcycles are an inexpensive and popular mode of transportation in Karachi, Pakistan, despite the increasing number of motor vehicle injuries. Although motorcycle-related injuries have been studied previously, to our knowledge, there are no published reports on the orthopedic injuries associated with motorcycles crashes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of medical records of patients with motorcycle-related injuries in 2015, at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan. We reviewed the patient demographic and medical data, helmet use, the Glasgow coma score, the spectrum of injuries, length of stay, specific injury diagnosis, and final disposition of patients. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: We identified 450 motorcycle crash injuries. Ninety percent of these victims were males, and 81% were driving at the time of the crash. More than 50% of crashes involved patients age under 29 years, and most crashes (35%) involved patients in the third decade of life. We observed that 6.8% of accidents involved patients younger than 10 years of age. For all the motorcycle-related injuries, 45% occurred during the weekend (Saturday and Sunday). Helmets were worn by only 7% of patients. The most common types of collisions were motorcycle versus car followed by lone motorcycle fall. Of the injuries sustained, the cumulative frequency of orthopedic injuries was the highest (63%), of which 34% were lower limb injuries and 29% were upper limb injuries. The second highest frequency of injuries were head injuries (46%). We also found that 85% motorcycle injury victims sustained fractures. Conclusion: The frequency of motorcycle-related injuries was high among young adults, and closed fractures of the lower limbs were the most common orthopedic injuries related to motorcycle crashes. Use of helmets among motorcyclists needs to be reinforced to prevent head injuries. We suggest motorcyclists to use protective clothes and motorcycle sidebars to prevent fractures of the lower limb. Further research is needed to determine the type of fractures, type of head injuries, surgical interventions required, and morbidity and mortality in motorcycle-related injuries and whether designing separate lanes for motorcycles will reduce the burden of these injuries on the healthcare system

Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Vehari District of Punjab, Pakistan

The current study is performed to assess the physio-chemical characteristics and drinking water quality in three Tehsils (Mailsi, Burewala and Vehari) of District Vehari, Punjab (Pakistan). The water samples of investigated regions were subjected to physicochemical characterization (pH, EC, TDS, HCO3-, CO3-2, Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-3, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 and Mn+2). It was demonstrated that certain parameters were exceeding WHO standard limits. The water of Lalazar colony, college town, Y-Block and Sharqi colony was found unfit for drinking purposes so it may cause serious health concerns in the citizens of the investigated areas

Determinants of Online Shopping and Customer Satisfaction during Covid 19: An Empirical Evidence from Karachi, Pakistan

Online shopping is gaining popularity in both developed and developing countries during Covid 19. As people feel happy to purchase the products online instead of going to the market due to the execution of lockdown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of online shopping factors like website presentation, product quality, and product price on customer satisfaction. A quantitative type of research was used in order to collect data from the respondents at one point in time-based on their availability. The questionnaire was used for the collection of the data. While the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The results of the study specified that a positive relationship exists between website presentation, product quality, and product price, and customer satisfaction. Besides, the result of the study revealed a significant positive effect of website presentation, product quality, and product price on customer satisfaction. This study outcome is of significance for marketers to establish a strategy by considering the important factors particularly for online shopping like website presentation, product quality as well as product price because it is crucial for customer satisfaction particularly during a period of Covid 19

Cubic Graphs with Application

We introduce certain concepts, including cubic graphs, internal cubic graphs, external cubic graphs, and illustrate these concepts by examples. We deal with fundamental operations, Cartesian product, composition, union and join of cubic graphs. We discuss some results of internal cubic graphs and external cubic graphs. We also describe an application of cubic graphs

Diabetes, driving and fasting during Ramadan:the interplay between secular and religious law

A large proportion of the Muslim population fasts during Ramadan. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased with fasting during Ramadan in people with diabetes who are on insulin and insulin secretagogues. Therefore, the combination of fasting with diabetes and driving presents a challenging situation, with legal implications for such individuals and their healthcare professionals. This novel, narrative, non-systematic review discusses the importance of addressing hypoglycemia in fasting with reference to secular legal guidance on driving with diabetes. We discuss religious aspects relating to fasting and driving in Islam. While there is no clear guidance or legal position on diabetes and driving for individuals who are fasting, Islamic law provides a logical framework to address this. Healthcare professionals need to raise and facilitate discussions on this often-overlooked topic with people with diabetes who are planning on fasting to minimize the potential for public harm. For some individuals fasting perhaps should be avoided when driving and that this religiously compatible position would best be adopted when one is dependent on driving for livelihood. Ultimately further research on glycemic control and management when fasting and driving, as well as a formal legal guidance on this topic, is required to safeguard healthcare professionals and the public from the potential dangers of driving with diabetes and fasting

Development of Dynamic Modeling and Fuzzy Logic System by Classical and Modern Strategies for the Control of Quadcopter

Quadcopters or Drones have multiple applications for different purpose such as investigation, assessment, exploration, rescue and decreasing the human strength in an adverse situation. Unmanned air vehicles (UAV) is designed with four propellers to resolve the issue of constancy however it will make the drone further more complex for the dynamic modelling and for the control system. In this research, smart controller is intended to regulate the attitude of drone. Simulation ideal model and fuzzy logic control approach is formulated to implement for four elementary motions i.e. roll, pitch, yaw, and height of our drone for the application of earth-quake. The key objective of this research paper is to develop the anticipated output as compare to the desired input

On unsteady two-dimensional and axisymmetric squeezing flow between parallel plates

AbstractSqueezing flow of a viscous fluid is considered. Two types of flows are discussed namely, the axisymmetric flow and two dimensional flow. Similarity transform proposed by Wang (1976) [13] has been used to reduce the Navier–Stokes equations to a highly non-linear ordinary differential equation which jointly describes both types of flows. Solution to aforementioned ordinary differential equation is obtained by using Variation of Parameters Method (VPM). VPM is free from the existence of small or large parameters and hence it can be applied to a large variety of problems as compared to the perturbation method applied by Wang (1976) [13]. Comparison among present and already existing solutions is also provided to show the efficiency of VPM. A convergence analysis is also carried out. Effects of different physical parameters on the flow field is discussed and demonstrated graphically with comprehensive discussions and explanations

Transthoracic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology of peripheral lung lesions: an experience of a pulmonologist

Background: Ultrasound (USG) guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and cost-effective method for the diagnosis of various peripheral lung lesions. Being radiation free and easily available in most of centres, it has become an important diagnostic modality for early diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. Besides procedure is simple and complications if occur, can be managed by a pulmonologist effectively. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of Transthoracic ultrasound guided FNAC in diagnosis of peripheral lung lesion.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Government Chest Diseases Hospital Srinagar over a period of one year from January 2018-December 2018. 61 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria were included in this study. After properly explaining the procedure and taking informed consent, USG guided FNAC was done in patients with peripheral lung lesions under local anaesthesia. Radiological and cytological data of enrolled patients was collected prospectively and analysed.Result: About 61 patients were included in this study comprising of 39 males and 22 females in age range of 17- 90 years. Malignancy was the most common cytological diagnosis (78.57%). while as benign diagnosis was reached in 21.43%. In 8.19% of patients, FNAC was inconclusive. Among the malignant group, adenocarcinoma (47.72%) was most common cytological diagnosis. The overall diagnostic yield of USG guided FNAC in this study was 91.8%.Conclusion: USG guided FNAC of peripheral lung lesions is a simple procedure with high accuracy and less complication rate which can be performed by a pulmonologist for diagnosis