Floristic Diversity And Conservation Importance of Bukit Bauk (Terengganu) in Peninsular Malaysia

Bukit Bauk is an isolated, coastal small hilly range which is part of the Terengganu hills situated in the low hills at the southern end of the East Range in the east coast of Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. These hills have been deemed to be extremely interesting botanically because they were surmissed to contain a high number of species and endemic plant'). However to date, a satisfactory inventory of plant species in the east coast have yet to be taken (are under-collected) and studied botanically. This study was therefore carried out to determine the floristic diversity of Bukit Bauk and subsequently compile a floristic checklist by checking relevant literature and through fieldwork; to assess the conservation importance of Bukit Bauk; to evaluate the conservation status of important species, where sampling plots and size were site and species specific and to determine threats to the flora of Bukit Bauk. The flora of Bukit Bauk was found to comprise 638 species (7.7% of the total flora of the Malay Peninsula) belonging to 285 genera and 103 families. Of these, 14.3% were endemic taxa (91 taxa) which constituted about 3.6% of the total number of endemic species in the Malay Peninsula. Bukit Bauk also contained 17.6% of the total number of tree species and 8.0% of endemic tree species in Peninsular Malaysia. The most speciose families on Bukit Bauk were Euphorbiaceae (59 species), Dipterocarpaceae (43 species), Rubiaceae (36 species) Palmae and Guttiferae (31 species respectively). Several specific types of vegetation could be distinguished on Bukit Bauk and it'> nearby lowland forest according to habitat, altitude zonation and floristic composition. The vegetation types were lowland dipterocarp forest (flatland, foothills and valley bottoms), vegetation on the seaward front, hill dipterocarp forest (steep slopes and hill ridges), vegetation on the summit, vegetation of disturbed areas and peat swamp forest. A total of 385 species (60.3%) of species found on Bukit Bauk provide one or more usage to humankind with 58.7% contributing more than one type of usage. Edible wild plants, products and medicinal plants are important to the local community in Terengganu

Pembangunan Bioproses Penukaran Bahan Berlignoselulosa Kepada Gula Penurun Dan Bioetanol

Pelbagai jenis bahan berlignoselulosa telah disaring untuk memperolehi gula penurun yang maksimum melalui sistem fermentasi substrat pepejal dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis pencilan kulat. Various types of lignocellulosic material were screened to obtain a maximum reducing sugar through solid substrate fermentation system by using different types of fungal strains

PROFIL PETANI LADA (Piper nigrum L) DI DESA BADAU KECAMATAN BADAU KABUPATEN BELITUNG

Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung merupakan salah satu daerah yang menghasilkan lada di Indonesia khususnya lada putih. Lahan pertanian budidaya lada di Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau memiliki cakupan yang cukup luas. Tanaman lada memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan petani lada di Desa Badau dikarenakan lada memiliki harga jual yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat menjadi jaminan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penelitian untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh usaha budidaya lada di Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung. Identifikasi masalah yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana cara pengolahan lahan pertanian lada Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung ? (2) Bagaimana pendapatan yang diperoleh dari petani lada Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung ? (3) Bagaimana pendidikan keluarga petani lada Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung ? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif. Salah satu metode deskriptif yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Populasi wilayah penelitian meliputi lahan dan budidaya perkebunan lada di Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Belitung yang telah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat yang melakukan pemanfaatan atau pengolahan lahan perkebunan lada (Piper nigrum L). Sedangkan populasi sosial adalah petani lada yang berjumlah 314 orang di Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau. Sampel wilayahnya adalah perkebunan lada yang terdapat di Desa Badau Kecamatan Badau, sedangkan sampel manusia adalah sampel petani lada yang dihitung menggunakan rumus Taro Yamane dengan jumlah 76 responden. Sampel diambil menggunakan teknik pengambilan proportional random sampling. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi lapangan, wawancara, studi dokumentasi dan literature. Teknik pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan persentase (%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa cara pengolahan lahan pertanian lada di Desa Badau dimulai dari penyiapan lahan, penyiapan tiang panjat, penanaman, pemeliharaan, dan panen. Efektifitas pengolahan lahan yang baik membuat petani lada memiliki pendapatan untuk setiap kali panen (satu tahun sekali) berkisar Rp.5.000.000,00 – Rp.100.000.000,00 dan lebih dari setengahnya sebesar 62% responden berpenghasilan Rp.10.000.000,00 – Rp. 50.000.000,00 dengan jumlah pendapatan tersebut maka sebagian besar petani lada dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Walaupun dengan pendapatan yang mencukupi dan tingkat pendidikan petani lada yang tergolong rendah tetapi sebagian besar atau sebesar 85% petani lada sangat menganggap penting akan pendidikan untuk anak serta keluarga mereka. Hal ini ditunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar petani lada atau sebesar 88% responden petani lada menyekolahkan anaknya. Kata Kunci : Budidaya Lada, Petani Lada Badau village Sub-district Badau Belitung district is one of the areas that produce pepper in Indonesia particularly white pepper. Pepper cultivation of agricultural land in the village of Badau Badau Subdistrict have ample coverage. Pepper plants have a considerable influence on the level of welfare of the farmers in the villages of pepper Badau due to pepper has a high enough price so that it can be a guarantee to meet the necessities of life. It is therefore necessary to research to find out how big the influence of pepper cultivation at the village of Badau Badau Belitung district Subdistrict. The identification of issues that are taken in this research is (1) how does the processing of the pepper farm Badau Village Badau Sub-district Belitung district? (2) how the income earned from the pepper farmer Badau Village Badau Sub-district Belitung district? (3) How pepper farmer education family Badau Village Badau Sub-district Belitung district? This research uses descriptive research method. One of the descriptive method used in this research is a survey method. Population of the area of research covers the land and cultivation of pepper plantation in the village of Badau Badau Belitung district District which had been utilized by the people who perform utilization or processing of plantation pepper (Piper nigrum L). While the population of social is the pepper farmers totaled 314 people in the village of Badau Badau Subdistrict. Samples of pepper plantations were found in the village of Badau Badau Subdistrict, while human samples are samples of pepper farmers are calculated using a formula of Taro Yamane with 76 respondents. Samples were taken using the technique of taking proportional random sampling. As for the data collection technique using field observations, interviews, documentation and study of literature. Processing techniques and data analysis using a percentage (%). The results of this research show that the way the processing of agricultural land in the village of pepper Badau land preparation, starting from the pole climb preparation, planting, maintenance, and harvesting. The effectiveness of a good land processing makes the pepper farmers have an income for each harvest time (once a year) range Rp.5.000.000,00 – Rp.100.000.000,00 and more than half of the 62% of the respondents earn Rp.10.000.000,00 – Rp. 50.000.000,00 with the amount of income that most farmers pepper can meet the needs of his life. Although with sufficient income and educational levels of the pepper farmers belong to low but most of the 85% of farmers or the pepper is very important to consider the education for children and their families. It is shown that most of the farmers or pepper of 88% of respondents send pepper farmers son. Keywords : cultivation of pepper, farmer pepper

Standardized field testing of assistant robots in a Mars-like environment

Controlled testing on standard tasks and within standard environments can provide meaningful performance comparisons between robots of heterogeneous design. But because they must perform practical tasks in unstructured, and therefore non-standard, environments, the benefits of this approach have barely begun to accrue for field robots. This work describes a desert trial of six student prototypes of astronaut-support robots using a set of standardized engineering tests developed by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), along with three operational tests in natural Mars-like terrain. The results suggest that standards developed for emergency response robots are also applicable to the astronaut support domain, yielding useful insights into the differences in capabilities between robots and real design improvements. The exercise shows the value of combining repeatable engineering tests with task-specific application-testing in the field

Tafsir Nur Al-Ihsan Oleh Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id: Satu Kajian Bandingan

Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan is a masterwork in the Quranic exegesis written by Syeikh Muhammad Sa‟id bin Umar. This work has been used as a reference by the community in order to understand the meaning of the Quran. However, the work has been criticized by the community due to the lack of sources in construing the Quran‟s verses. Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan merupakan sebuah karya dalam bidang tafsir al-Quran yang dikarang oleh Syeikh Muhammad Sa‟id bin Umar. Karya ini digunakan sebagai rujukan masyarakat dalam memahami isi kandungan al-Quran. Namun demikian, terdapat banyak kritikan yang dilakukan terhadapnya oleh sebahagian masyarakat disebabkan pengarang tidak menyatakan sumber ambilan dengan jelas dalam mentafsirkan ayat al-Quran

Analysis of the ratings and interrater reliability at high school choral festivals in Indiana

This study investigated the interrater reliabilities of large-group choral festivals and provides data for comparison with similar events. Data for this study included ratings and points awarded by a total of 58 panels (of three adjudicators each), to 925 choir performances by 689 discrete high school choirs at the Indiana State Schools Music Association-sponsored choral festivals in 2012, 2013, and 2014. The research investigated (a) frequency distributions for ratings, types of choirs, and group level self-selection; (b) pairwise interrater correlations of ratings and points awarded; (c) interrater reliability and panel internal consistency, and; (d) differences in points awarded between adjudicators in each panel. Results indicated that a significantly higher proportion of choirs were awarded Gold (77%) and Silver (22%) ratings than other types of awards. There were significantly more mixed (60%) and treble (34%) than there were mens (6%) choirs. There were also more choirs entering at Group I (39%) and Group III (30%) levels than Group II (17%) and Group IV (15%) levels. Percentage agreements of ratings were mainly high, with 41 out of the 58 panels (71%) having a mean percentage agreement of >70%. 155 out of 174 pairs of adjudicators (89%) had pairwise percentage agreement of >60%. While mean Interrater Reliability Coefficients (IRCs) were almost all positive, there was a large range for correlation coefficients from weak (rs = .155) to very strong (rs = .939). Internal consistency ranged from moderate (α = .48) to high (α = .96) over the three years. A majority of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were in the strong (0.7 - 0.8) to almost perfect (> 0.8) agreement ra nges, indicating very good agreement by panel. While there were instances of significant differences (p < .01) found over the three years, in general the panel members seemed to agree on points awarded

Anisotropic constitutive modeling for nickel base single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C

A back stress/drag stress constitutive model based on a crystallographic approach to model single crystal anisotropy is presented. Experimental results demonstrated the need for the back stress variable in the inelastic flow equations. Experimental findings suggested that back stress is orientation dependent and controls both strain hardening and recovery characteristics. Due to the observed stable fatigue loops at 1800 F, drag stress is considered constant for this temperature. The constitutive model operated with constraints determined only from tensile data was extensively tested from simple tensile and fatigue to complicated strain hold tests. The model predicted very well under those conditions