2,206 research outputs found
The role of biological and economic factors in urban population growth
This paper explores the influence of biological mechanisms in overpopulated territories on urban growth and addresses the question how biological factors correlate with economic factors, such as GDP growth, in this process. The article provides an overview of the approaches in regional economics, ethology and demography to this problem. To analyze the influence of biological and economic factors on urbanization, four hypotheses are formulated. To test these hypothesis, methods of regression analysis are applied to the statistical data of the United Nations and the World Bank for 132 countries for 1995, 2005, 2015. The analysis shows that the biological mechanisms of population reduction play a significant role in the least and less developed countries. Per capita GDP growth leads to an increase in the concentration of population in big cities (with the population of 1 million inhabitants or more). The total fertility rate varies significantly in these countries, but as the population starts to grow, fertility begins to fall gradually. In more developed countries with a high per capita GDP level, the share of urban population tends to shrink, while the total fertility rate stabilizes there at the level of ca. 1.0-2.0 births per woman
The model of the educational environment of a humanitarian college on the formation of the professional subjective position
The author's model of the educational environment of a humanitarian college on the formation of the professional subjective position of the future teachers is presented in the articleΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Organic MgB2-xCx superconductor with high performance enabled by liquid mixing approach
Comparative analysis of structural and electromagnetic characteristics have been performed on nano SiC- and polycarbosilane-doped MgB2 samples prepared by the dry and liquid mixing approaches. The total benefit of liquid mixing approach for fabrication of organic MgB2 superconductor with excellent electromagnetic performance has been demonstrate
Research of Certain Pathogenic Characteristics of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci of Skin Biome
A serious problem in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is the frequent attachment of a secondary skin infection. Among the microbes colonizing the skin of patients suffering from AD, S. aureus takes the lead. According to different authors, from the skin of 80β95 % of patients are sown Staphylococcus aureus. The survival of bacteria in a biotope is promoted by the persistent properties of microorganisms.Aim of the research: to determine the adhesive properties and antilysozyme activity of clinical strains of staphylococci isolated from the skin of patients with allergic dermatosis.The study included 50 patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 practically healthy individuals, from which 140 laboratory strains of staphylococci were isolated: 101 strains from patients with AD and 39 control strains. Bacteriological studies to isolate microorganisms and determine a number of pathogenic characteristics were carried out using the methods of classical bacteriology.The severity of antilysozyme activity (ALA) and adhesive properties of strains isolated from affected areas of the skin was significantly higher than in cultures isolated from intact skin areas, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The obtained data made it possible to assume a certain complicating role of these factors on the course of AD
ΠΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ
It can be argued that life priorities of young people, including student ones, are not yet well established, therefore, have a certain ability to transformation. In turn, the family has a huge influence on the processes of changes in the value system of young people, in addition, the institution of the family has an impact on shaping the personality of almost every representative of the younger generation. It is necessary to consider the role of the state in the preparation of the family Institution to perform educational functions. The essence of this role is to prepare parents for the process of education, in other words, to increase the level of their pedagogical culture. This is because most parents do not have pedagogical education. Therefore there is a contradiction: the older generation is actively engaged in education without having any methods or tools for this process. In fact, some ways to resolve the conflict are the basic content of this article. In the future, the resolution of this contradiction, will transform social relations so that they were based on spiritual norms, which, in turn, will lead to the preservation and further development of Ukrainian culture, and society in general.ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.Β ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins : Multiplexing and Optogenetics across Scales
Since mammalian tissue is relatively transparent to near-infrared (NIR) light, NIR fluorescentproteins(FPs) engineeredfrombacterialphytochromeshave become widely used probes for non-invasive in vivo imaging. Recently, these genetically encoded NIR probes have been substantially improved, enabling imaging experiments that were not possible previously. Here, we discuss the use of monomeric NIR FPs and NIR biosensors for multiplexed imaging with common visible GFP-based probes and blue light-activatable optogenetic tools. These NIR probes are suitable for visualization of functional activities from molecular to organismal levels. In combination with advanced imaging techniques, such as two-photon microscopy with adaptive optics, photoacoustic tomography and its recent modification reversibly switchable photoacoustic computed tomography, NIR probes allow subcellular resolution at millimeter depths.Peer reviewe
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