On the Pathology of Hodgkin's Disease

In Part I an attempt was made to offer a brief and reasonably critical account of the inherent peculiarities of the structure and of the diseases of the reticulo---endothelial system. Particular emphasis was accorded to works which have served to integrate the concept of lymphoid tissue sarcoma. While it is doubtful whether knowledge is yet adequate enough to endorse this idea universally, it has the advantage of being a practical generalisation which simplifies the subject. The view that the morbid process, primary reticulosis, was covered by the generic lymphoid tissue sarcoma was also supported. In Part II some account was given of the lymphatics and lymphoid tissue. In this outline attention was drawn to the mysterious and bewildering problems inseparable from the system. The structure of lymph nodes was given with observations on their development, involution, and possible neogenesis in adult life. From these studies it emerged that the full complement of lymph nodes in the locus examined was probably attained in adolescence or early adult life, and that fat replacement was the usual mode of atrophy. Attention was also drawn to the rarity of fibrosis in physiological nodes, except where it was the result of blood vascular hyaline change. In Part III Hodgkin's disease was studied. In the introduction of this part of the work the historical aspect of the malady was recorded, with, it is hoped, advertisement of interesting and possibly less well-known facts about it. This was followed by a critical consideration on the nature of the disease and its morbid anatomy, the latter being /illustrated illustrated in part by analyses of the cases coming to necropsy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary over a period of fifty years. In this part also were the findings of a large series of biopsy specimens. Here endeavours were made to shew the microscopical variations in morphology in the lesion, and to demonstrate the affinities of other lymphoid tissue sarcomata with the disease. Within the resources available the generic lymphoid tissue sarcoma was established, and links between the better recognised variants were presented with a reasonable degree of conviction. In the necropsy series a detailed study of thirteen cases of Hodgkin's disease or reticulum cell sarcoma was offered. In these it was shewn that the favourite locus was lymphoid tissue, that complete systematisation was rare, and that metamorphosis to a more tumour-like lesion was common. In Part IV two components of the Hodgkin's disease complex were studied in relation to general pathology. The view that fibrosis, an essential and inherent peculiarity of the Hodgkin's disease lesion, was represented in certain other morbid states was submitted. This was illustrated by brief accounts of some diseases where quasi-neoplastic features are shewn by connective tissue. Eosinophilia in tumours was also made the subject of investigation and revealed that the phenomenon, while possibly not so rare as might be expected, was not nearly so common as in Hodgkin's disease. Some evidence was found for the cyto-metaplastic origin of eosinophiles in Hodgkin's disease, but possibly due to the restriction to histological as opposed to cytological methods, the results were not highly conclusive. In Part V an experimental attempt to reproduce the disease by /chronic chronic trypan blue poisoning of rats and mice proved unsuccessful, although interesting results followed. The main contention in this thesis has been that Hodgkin's disease is a neoplasm. Perhaps the following may influence the reader more convincingly than I have been able to do by so much work. The reasons for human beliefs depend chiefly upon Authority, Intuition, and Scientific Method. The last two have been exploited as far as I have been able; the foremost remains. As a junior student I saw a case of Hodgkin's disease first in the wards of the Late Professor Archibald Harrington, at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. I was chagrined at the doubt cast on its nature in the discussion which followed the demonstration; at twenty, one is very intolerant of obscure aetiology! On my return home I imprudently assailed my Father with the question at the dinner table, where even renal oedema was taboo. He was exceedingly angry. There was a dreadful silence, and then he relented - 'of course it is tumour, - but mind to whom you say that' Nothing more was said. I submit that this terse pronouncement has been my most precious axiom, with deepest respect and affection

Comparing and contrasting extreme stratospheric events, including their coupling to the tropospheric circulation

Recent work has emphasized the importance of stratosphere-troposphere coupling associated with extreme values of the polar vortex strength and stratospheric planetary wave heat flux during Northern Hemisphere winter. Here using ERA-Interim reanalysis data the evolution of the two types of events are compared. The life cycle of total (anomaly plus climatology) positive/negative heat flux events are associated with vertically deep high-latitude planetary wave structures and exhibit largely equal but opposite-signed impacts, including a net deceleration/acceleration of the polar vortex due to EP flux convergence/divergence and an equatorward/poleward tropospheric jet shift in the North Atlantic. The tropospheric wave pattern is westward propagating. High-latitude stratospheric vertical zonal wind shear plays a key role during both events. A comparison of the stratospheric events reveals that planetary wave events contribute to the development of vortex events. In particular, total negative heat flux events precede strong vortex events showing that strong vortex events represent true dynamical events involving significant wave-mean flow interaction. Coupling with the North Atlantic jet occurs preceding vortex events when wave-1 dominates the total eddy heat flux in the lower stratosphere since interference with wave-2 makes the impacts less clear. The tropospheric impacts in the North Atlantic associated with planetary wave events are found to be comparable if not larger than those following vortex events

Page Charges and Article Length in Astronomy Journals

By the kind permission of the ASP Conference Series.A study of 34 journals in astronomy and astrophysics looked at the relationship between journal page charges and the length of articles published. Although some writers contend that page charges encourage contributors to write shorter articles, there was no correlation between page charges and the length of articles published. American journals with relatively high impact factors were more likely to have page charges, but there was no overall correlation between impact factor and either page charges or article length

The influence of food on the endogenous uric acid excretion in man

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Illinois, 1918.Typescript.Includes bibliographical references

Activation workers’ perceptions of their long-term unemployed clients’ attitudes towards employment

The Work Programme’s use of severe social security benefit sanctions reflects British coalition ministers’ belief that many people on out-of-work benefits do not want a job. While a substantial empirical literature has repeatedly demonstrated that in fact unemployed benefit claimants possess the same work values as the employed and that the vast majority want paid work, it has ignored some conservative authors’ pleas to consider the views and experiences of people who work with the unemployed. Forty employees of agencies contracted to help unemployed people into employment were interviewed in summer 2011. Respondents had spent an estimated combined total of 147,000 hours in the presence of people who have claimed Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) for over six months. Most said that between a quarter and half of their present clients did not want employment. This finding does not contradict existing research, given that most JSA claimants re-enter employment within six months. However, all forty agreed that many others remained unemployed because they were choosy in the jobs they were willing to undertake, and,most strikingly, respondents overwhelmingly endorsed the view that a ‘dependency culture’ exists in households and neighbourhoods that have experienced joblessness for several generations

Effectiveness and costs of a vocational advice service to improve work outcomes in patients with musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a cluster randomised trial (SWAP trial ISRCTN 52269669)

Musculoskeletal pain is a common cause of work absence and early intervention is advocated to prevent the adverse health and economic consequences of longer term absence. This cluster randomised controlled trial investigated the effect of introducing what was termed a vocational advice service into primary care to provide occupational advice. Six general practices were randomised, patients were eligible if they were consulting their general practitioner (GP) with musculoskeletal pain, were employed and struggling at work or absent from work <6 months. Practices in the intervention arm could refer patients to a vocational advisor embedded within the practice providing a case managed stepwise intervention addressing obstacles to working. The primary outcome was number of days off work, over 4 months. Participants in the intervention arm (n=158) had fewer days work absence compared to the control arm (n=180) (mean 9.3 (SD 21·7) versus 14·4 (SD 27·7)) days, Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0·51 (95% Confidence Interval 0·26, 0·99), p=0·048). The net societal benefit of the intervention compared with best care was £733: £748 gain (work absence) versus £15 loss (health care costs). The addition of a vocational advice service to best current primary care for patients consulting with musculoskeletal pain led to reduced absence and cost savings for society. If a similar early intervention to the one tested in this trial was implemented widely, it could potentially reduce days absent over 12 months by 16%, equating to an overall societal cost-saving of about £500 million (US $6 billion), and requiring an investment of only £10 million

Ultra high resolution of PZT 30/70 domains as imaged by PFM

iezoforce microscopy (PFM) has been used to determine the domain structure of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (30/70) on an indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate with a TiO2 boundary layer. The PZT nucleates into the perovskite form in a random crystallographic manner, which leads to a random domain structure in the final film. Using PFM it has been possible to visualize the domain structure of the PZT and determine that the domain structure has features as fine as 8 nm herringbone patterns. The possible impact of these structures for future devices utilizing nanoscale features of PZT and especially FeRAM developments is highlighted

Epitaxial (111) Films of Cu, Ni, and CuxNi_xNi_yonα−Al on {\alpha}-Al_2OO_3$(0001) for Graphene Growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Films of (111)-textured Cu, Ni, and Cu$_x$Ni$_y$ were evaluated as substrates for chemical vapor deposition of graphene. A metal thickness of 400 nm to 700 nm was sputtered onto a substrate of $\alpha-$Al$_2$O$_3$(0001) at temperatures of 250 C to 650 C. The films were then annealed at 1000 C in a tube furnace. X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction measurements showed all films have (111) texture but have grains with in-plane orientations differing by $60^{\circ}$. The in-plane epitaxial relationship for all films was $[110]_{metal}$||$[10\bar{1}0]_{{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}$. Reactive sputtering of Al in O$_2$ before metal deposition resulted in a single in-plane orientation over 97 % of the Ni film but had no significant effect on the Cu grain structure. Transmission electron microscopy showed a clean Ni/Al$_2$O$_3$ interface, confirmed the epitaxial relationship, and showed that formation of the $60^{\circ}$ twin grains was associated with features on the Al$_2$O$_3$ surface. Increasing total pressure and Cu vapor pressure during annealing decreased the roughness of Cu and and Cu$_x$Ni$_y$ films. Graphene grown on the Ni(111) films was more uniform than that grown on polycrystalline Ni/SiO$_2$ films, but still showed thickness variations on a much smaller length scale than the distance between grains