767 research outputs found
Analysing Inflation: Monetary and Real Theories
The paper seeks to analyse the inflationary trends observed in
Pakistan in the recent past by applying both the monetary and real
theories. The former explains inflation in terms of changes in liquidity
per unit of real output and velocity whereas the latter makes use of
real variables, especially, the structure of economy. Since the ratio
between money spending (quantity of money times velocity) and real GDP
defines general price level, monetary theory offers a natural tool for
analysing inflation. Even factors like raising utility prices by the
government or higher expected inflation add to inflation only when the
additional demand for money generated by these factors is met with an
accommodating increase in money supply (with stable velocity). During
FY86 to 96 in Pakistan, money supply grew by 15.4 percent, GDP by 5.3
percent, and velocity by –0.24 percent. This yields an estimated
inflation of 9.4 percent, very close to the actual one of 9.2 percent.
Interestingly enough, more than half of the money expansion during the
90s emanated from credit for budgetary support, rendering the latter an
active source of inflation. Under the real theory, we focused on
full-cost-pricing wherein the market value-added price is defined as a
weighted sum of various primary costs, e.g., wages, profits, and net
indirect taxes. To capture the impact of terms of trade, foreign trade
flows were added. It has been estimated that the overall inflation of
9.4 percent during FY86–95 was contributed to the extent of 5.6 points
by profits, 2.2 points by wages, 0.9 by net indirect taxes and 0.7 by
terms of trade. From policy perspective, monetary analysis has an edge
over real analysis as controlling inflation through monetary management
is relatively easier than through regulating various costs elements
which go into the formation of price
Assessing the financial potential of the company
In this position paper, we seek to extend the layered perception-action paradigm for on-line learning such that it includes an explicit symbolic processing capability. By incorporating symbolic processing at the apex of the perception action hierarchy in this way, we ensure that abstract symbol manipulation is fully grounded, without the necessity of specifying an explicit representational framework. In order to carry out this novel interfacing between symbolic and sub-symbolic processing, it is necessary to embed fuzzy rst-order logic theorem proving within a variational framework. The online learning resulting from the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations establishes an extended adaptability compared to the standard subsumption architecture. We discuss an application of this approach within the eld of advanced driver assistance systems, demonstrating that a closed-form solution to the Euler Lagrange optimization problem is obtainable for simple cases. DIPLEC
Tensile Deformation and Failure of Thin Films of Aging Laponite Suspension
In this paper we study deformation, failure and breakage of visco-elastic
thin films of aging laponite suspension under tensile deformation field.
Aqueous suspension of laponite is known to undergo waiting time dependent
evolution of its micro-structure, also known as aging, which is accompanied by
an increase in the elastic modulus and relaxation time. In the velocity
controlled tensile deformation experiments, we observed that the dependence of
force and dissipated energy on velocity and initial thickness of the film is
intermediate to a Newtonian fluid and a yield stress fluid. For a fixed waiting
time, strain at break and dissipated energy increased with velocity, but
decreased with initial thickness. With increase in age, strain at break and
dissipated energy showed a decrease suggesting enhanced brittle behavior with
increase in waiting time, which may be caused by restricted relaxation modes
due to aging. In a force controlled mode, decrease in strain at failure at
higher age also suggested enhanced brittleness with increase in waiting time.
Remarkably, the constant force tensile deformation data up to the point of
failure showed experimental time- aging time superposition that gave an
independent estimation of relaxation time and elastic modulus dependence on
age.Comment: 30 pages, 17 figure
Paper Session II-C - Satellite Remote Sensing for Environment and Resource Managment
In the recent years there have been valuable achievements in data pre-processing r image processing and interpretation and other related techniques. These developments in the field of satellite remote sensing have resulted in much more useful studies of environment and resource management. We present a review of some of such studies with emphasis on different land use /landcover features in some urban areas of Pakistan. These studies were made using SPOT multispectral and panchromatic data. Our analysis will be found useful for updating information of different urban features. In the end we present our future programs regarding the resource management and environment using earth resource satellites like LANDSAT and SPOT
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase maintains glycolysis-driven growth in Drosophila tumors
Published online: 14 September 2017Tumors frequently fail to pass on all their chromosomes correctly during cell division, and this chromosomal instability (CIN) causes irregular aneuploidy and oxidative stress in cancer cells. Our objective was to test knockdowns of metabolic enzymes in Drosophila to find interventions that could exploit the differences between normal and CIN cells to block CIN tumor growth without harming the host animal. We found that depleting by RNAi or feeding the host inhibitors against phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was able to block the growth of CIN tissue in a brat tumor explant model. Increasing NAD+ or oxidising cytoplasmic NADH was able to rescue the growth of PEPCK depleted tumors, suggesting a problem in clearing cytoplasmic NADH. Consistent with this, blocking the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle blocked tumor growth, as well as lowering ROS levels. This work suggests that proliferating CIN cells are particularly vulnerable to inhibition of PEPCK, or its metabolic network, because of their compromised redox status.Rashid Hussain, Zeeshan Shaukat, Mahwish Khan, Robert Saint and Stephen L. Gregor
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