Effect of Neemta 2100 toxicity on acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzymes in serum of fish, Oreochromis mossambicus

Acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzymes have been used as marker monitoring the effect of neem seed based pesticide Neemta 2100 on the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Fishes exposed to sublethal concentrations of Neemta 2100 for acute periods of 24 and 48 hours were sacrificed to determine enzyme activities in serum affected due to toxicity. Laboratory studies of in vivo exposure of this pesticide showed synergistic inhibitory effect during acute period of toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase was noticed as 6.25 µm substrate hydrolyzed/mg protein/hour and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was noticed as 36.71 µm substrate hydrolyzed/mg protein/hour in control fish serum. Significant decrease in GOT level in Neemta 2100 treated fishes after short term exposure indicated its severe toxicity to fish

An unusual case of trifluoperazine induced hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a serious condition which if not diagnosed and treated urgently may cause irreversible damage to the brain and may be life threatening. There are various causes attributed to hypoglycemia, but drugs are one of the most important one of them. Various drugs are documented to cause hypoglycemia but we present a rare case report of a 52-year-old male patient with schizoaffective disorder on trifluoperazine who presented in emergency department with documented hypoglycemia and this hypoglycemic episode improved when the drug was withdrawn. When WHO causality assessment scale was applied, trifluoperazine was found as the probable cause of the episodes of hypoglycemia. Therefore, this possibility of hypoglycemia should always be kept in mind while prescribing trifluoperazine

OPTIMIZATION AND PREPARATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED TRANSDERMAL PATCH OF TIMOLOL MALEATE USING FACTORIAL DESIGN

Objective: Transdermal patch of timolol maleate was prepared in order to increase the permeability of the drug topically. Methods: The timolol maleate (TM) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. For the optimization process full factorial (three-factor and three-level), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) range from 100 to 300 mg, ethylcellulose 100 to 200 gm and almond oil 3 to 4 ml. The response noted in form of tensile strength and percent drug release. These transdermal patches were evaluated for physical characterization like weight variation, thickness, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, water vapor transmission rate, folding endurance, tensile strength, and content uniformity. Results: Solid lipid nanoparticles of TM were optimized and prepared, the data presented that drug release percent ranged from 66.12 to 91.75. 2FI model was observed to fit for response % drug permeation with a p and F value of 0.0271 and 4.50. The tensile strength varies from 0.358 to 0.508. The linear model was observed to fit for the tensile strength response with a p-value and F-value of<0.0001 and 52.41. Conclusion: The controlled release formulation of Timolol Maleate was successfully optimized and prepared, a study conducted to investigate the effect of different polymers and type of permeation time profiles from Timolol Maleate patches

Syntheses, Spectral Characterization, and Antimicrobial Studies on the Coordination Compounds of Metal Ions with Schiff Base Containing Both Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrazide Moieties

An EtOH solution of 3-ketobutanehydrazide and salicylhydrazide on refluxing in equimolar ratio forms the corresponding Schiff base, LH3 (1). The latter reacts with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Zr(OH)2(IV), MoO2(VI), and UO2(VI) ions in equimolar ratio and forms the corresponding coordination compounds, [M(LH)(MeOH)3] (2, M = Mn, Co, Ni), [Cu(LH)]2 (3), [M′(LH)(MeOH)] (4, M′ = Zn, Cd), [Zr(OH)2(LH)(MeOH)2] (5), [MoO2(LH)(MeOH)] (6), and [UO2(LH)(MeOH)] (7). The coordination compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductance, spectral (IR, reflectance, 1H NMR, ESR) studies, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. They are nonelectrolytes in DMSO. The coordination compounds, except 3, are monomers in diphenyl. They are active against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa), and yeast (S. cerevisiae, C. albicans). 1 acts as a dibasic tridentate ONO donor ligand in 2–7 coordinating through its both enolic O and azomethine N atoms. The coordination compounds 2 and 3 are paramagnetic, while rest of the compounds are diamagnetic. A square-planar structure to 3, a tetrahedral structure to 4, an octahedral structure to 2, 6, and 7, and a pentagonal bipyramidal structure to 5 are proposed

To study the pattern of adverse drug reactions among patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a tertiary care hospital

Background: ADRs have a major impact on public health, quality of life.  ADRs are a recognized hazard of drug therapy. Although some ADRs are minor and resolve without squeal, others can cause permanent disability or death. Despite the methodological rigor of clinical trials, it is generally not possible to identify all safety issues associated with drugs during the pre-marketing research phase.  The only way to find out such occurrences is to be on active-look out for adverse events over a long time horizon in large population and in different host conditions. The information may be useful in identifying and minimizing preventable ADRs, while generally enhancing the knowledge of the prescribers to deal with them more efficiently.Methods: This retro-prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for one year.  Data of those patients who experienced ADRs was recorded in detail from internal Medicine ward. An assessment of causality was done. Data was evaluated to determine the class of drugs and the organ systems frequently associated with ADR within the settings of the institute.Results: The total incidence of ADRs was 7.59% in hospitalized patients with male predominance. Most common system involved was GIT followed by CNS and CVS. Antibiotics were most common culprits for ADRs followed by NSAIDS and hypoglycemic agents. In causality assessment probable ADRs were much more than possible ADRs. Severity of reaction in most of the patients was moderate. Majority of ADRs were Type A and maximum were probably preventable.Conclusions: There is need to explore the reasons for this relatively low incidence rate of ADR’s in the Indian population. Under­reporting is one of the major factors with a lack of proper pharmacovigilance system which is still in budding state in India

Pattern of adverse drug reactions in new smear positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis treated under directly observed treatment short course

Background: Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS), a combination therapy, drugs are administered for six to eight months in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis, increases the risk of adverse drug reactions. The objective of this study was to study the adverse drug reaction profile of new sputum smear positive (NSP) patients of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treated under DOTS. A prospective observational study was carried out in Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India over a period of six months.Methods: The study included 130 newly diagnosed TB patients on anti‑TB treatment under DOTS. A symptom based approach was followed for monitoring ADRs. The severity was assessed by Modified Hartwig scale and causality by WHO-UMC probability scale. Data was expressed as percentages for discrete variables using Microsoft excel.Results: Out of the total 130, 84 patients experienced ADRs with an overall incidence of 64.6%. 45 (34.6%) patients showed single ADR whereas 39 (30%) patients had two or more ADRs. Gastritis alone was present in 36 (27.8%) patients followed by itching 2 (1.5%), hypersensitivity 2 (1.5%), arthralgia 2 (1.5%), generalized weakness 2 (1.5%) and jaundice in 1 (0.8%) patients. Vomiting was present in 29 (22.2%) patients, neuropathy in 4 (3.1%) patients, arthralgia in 2(1.5%) patients, hypersensitivity, jaundice, itching and generalized weakness in 1 (0.8%) patient each. 21 (16.2%) patients experienced mild , 56 (43.1%) had moderate and only 7 (5.4%) had severe ADRs. All the ADRs were possible in nature.Conclusions: The incidence of ADRs was 64.6% and GI irritation was found to be most common ADR reported by 57.6% patients

Mathematical modelling of Stoneley wave in a transversely isotropic thermoelastic media

This paper is concerned with the study of propagation of Stoneley waves at the interface of two dissimilar transversely isotropic thermoelastic solids without energy dissipation and with two temperatures. The secular equation of Stoneley waves is derived in the form of the determinant by using appropriate boundary conditions i.e. the stresses components, the displacement components, and temperature at the boundary surface between the two media are considered to be continuous at all times and positions . The dispersion curves giving the Stoneley wave velocity and Attenuation coefficients with wave number are computed numerically. Numerical simulated results are depicted graphically to show the effect of two temperature and anisotropy on resulting quantities. Copper material has been chosen for the medium and magnesium for the medium Some special cases are also deduced from the present investigation

TRIGLYCERIDES VARIATIONS AMONG THE BLOOD OF ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC PEOPLES FROM DIFFERENT STATES OF INDIA

Diabetes is a set of various disorders characterizes by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, due to the insufficiency of insulin and/or impaired effectiveness of insulin action. It is observed that every population in this world suffering from Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and other forms of glucose intolerance, mainly Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT). The present study estimates the Triglycerides variations among the blood of alcoholic and non-alcoholic peoples from different states of India. The study includes North Indian states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Plasma Triglycerides level in female and male subjects of Bihar were found 182.63±32.24 and 143.52±11.18 respectively. The mean of Plasma Triglycerides Level in Uttar Pradesh Control nonalcoholic subjects was found to be 235.46±9.46 years. The difference in Plasma triglycerides in Rajasthan Control alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects were 120.00±0.00 years (Mean ± SE) and 166.68±10.76 (Mean ± SE) respectively

Characterization of stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in Indian wheat varieties using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular markers

Stem rust or black rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. In India, central, peninsular and southern hill zones are particularly prone to stem rust where favourable environmental conditions exist. The recent emergence of wheat stem rust race Ug99 (TTKSK) and related strains threatens global wheat production as Ug99 overcome resistance gene Sr31 effective for many years. Resistance gene Sr2, derived from cultivar ‘Hope’ is responsible for slow rusting and providing partial but durable resistance against stem rust of wheat. In addition to other unknown minor genes (Sr2 complex), this gene tends to be non-specific and is currently effective against all isolates of Puccinia graminis tritici throughout wheat-growing regions of the world. A set of 135 bread wheat varieties developed in the last forty years for prominent northern, central, peninsular and southern hill regions of India was screened with molecular markers, CsSr2 and GWM533, developed and identified for Sr2 gene. Out of 135 varieties screened, 92 confirmed the presence of Sr2 gene at molecular level. The molecular information of Sr2 gene was corroborated with the available morphological marker data for selected varieties to evaluate the efficacy of these molecular markers in Indian wheat germplasm. It was observed that these two molecular markers in combination provide accuracy in 92% lines for this gene at molecular level with presumed Sr2 status in Indian wheat varieties. It is proposed that the use of CsSr2 and GWM533 will help in gene pyramiding of Sr2 along with other stem rust resistance genes in future wheat varieties to accelerate Indian breeding program for rust resistance.Keywords: Wheat, stem rust, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt), Sr2 gene, molecular markerAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(18), pp. 2353-235

Therapeutic guidelines for antimicrobial use in chronic suppurative otitis media for a tertiary care hospital in Sub Himalayan region

Background: The battle against micro-organisms, in their role as primary cause of the disease and infective complications of medical and surgical techniques, has not decreased in spite of modern antimicrobial therapy. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a disease with worldwide prevalence having potentially serious long term effects. The disease remains an important global public health problem leading to hearing impairment, and due to wide spread irrational use microbial resistance is very common to these antibiotics, thereby leading to treatment failure. Hence it is important to know the type of bacteria and their sensitivity pattern so that appropriate antibiotics may be given for treatment and prevention of complications.Methods: 428 patients of otitis media were enrolled from ENT OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital. Ear swab was taken from diagnosed cases of CSOM and culture and sensitivity were done.Results: The microbiology of the swab showed no growth in (25.4%) of samples. Staphylococcus aureus (26%) and Pseudomonas (25%) were the main organisms isolated. Staphylococcus aureus isolated was sensitive to vancomycin, clindamycin, cefixime, gentamicin and cefipime in descending order. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin, gentamicin, cefipime. In the present study Staph. aureus and Pseudomonas were the predominant bacteria, it is suggested to undertake a gram staining in all patients. If gram positive organisms are isolated it is suggested that presumptive treatment should be directed against Staphylococcus aureus and if gram negative then against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Such a treatment is not only likely to be effective but will also go a long way in preventing emergence of drug resistance.Conclusions: The antimicrobial therapy should be based on locally determined microbiological isolates and local sensitivity patterns to a particular antimicrobial agent. The presumptive antimicrobial therapy should therefore be directed against these organisms