Diversity in Physio-Chemical Attributes of Milk from Various Cow Breeds in Haryana

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the physio-chemical properties of milk from four different breeds of cows in Haryana, namely Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, and Cross-breed. The study aimed to evaluate various parameters including fat content, solid not fat (SNF), total solids, protein content, density, lactose content, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity. A total of 80 cows, 20 from each breed were selected for the study, and milk samples were collected twice a day, in the morning and evening. The analysis revealed significant differences among the four cow breeds in terms of their milk composition. The Sahiwal breed exhibited the highest fat content (4.71), while the Red Sindhi had the lowest (3.97). Similarly, variations were observed in SNF, total solids, proteins, density, lactose, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity across the different breeds. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the physio-chemical characteristics of milk from different cow breeds in Haryana. These results can assist in breed selection for improved milk production, processing, and product development. Furthermore, the data obtained can serve as a valuable resource for dairy industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and researchers in the field of dairy science and technology. Future studies could explore the relationship between physio-chemical properties and milk yield, as well as investigating the impact of these variations on the processing and quality of dairy products. Additionally, exploring the influence of environmental factors and management practices on milk composition could further enhance our understanding of the subject

Heterogeneity in Physio-Chemical Traits of Milk across Buffalo Breeds in Haryana

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the physio-chemical properties of milk from three different buffalo breeds in Haryana, namely Murrah, Nilli-Ravi, and Surti. The study aimed to evaluate various parameters including fat content, solid not fat (SNF), total solids, protein content, density, lactose content, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity. A total of 60 buffaloes, 20 from each breed, were selected for the study, and milk samples were collected twice a day, in the morning and evening. The analysis revealed significant differences among the three buffalo breeds in terms of their milk composition. The Murrah breed exhibited the highest fat content (8.02), while the Nilli-Ravi had the lowest (8.14). For SnF values, Murrah shows highest values of 9.41 and Surti buffalo shows lowest 8.78. Similarly, variations were observed in other parameters across different breeds. These results can assist in breed selection for improved milk production, processing, and product development. Furthermore, the data obtained can serve as a valuable resource for dairy industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and researchers in the field of dairy science and technology. Future studies could explore the relationship between physio-chemical properties and milk yield, as well as investigating the impact of these variations on the processing and quality of dairy products

Synthetic Methods for the formation of Heterocyclic Compounds from Oxime Ether Derivatives

Heterocyclic ring compounds are not only ubiquitous in prime diversity of vital natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals and thus highly important in organic synthesis. They have an extensive range of applications.  They are mainly used as veterinary products and as agrochemicals. They are also utilized as corrosion inhibitors, sanitizers, antioxidants, dye stuff and as copolymers. They are accustomed as an important source in the synthesis of bioactive organic compounds. Some natural products like antibiotics such as tetracyclines, cephalosporin, penicillin, aminoglycosides, alkaloids such as morphine, vinblastine, atropine, reserpine, tryptamine, reserpine etc. have heterocyclic constituent. Hence, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from new procedures have been always demanding. Due to wide range of applications of heterocyclic compounds, this study is a survey of literature of last one decade, describing the methods for the heterocyclic ring formation from the oxime ether

Spectral multiplier theorems for abstract differential operators

We establish new spectral multiplier theorems for abstract differential operators by working on various functional calculus methods obtained using different reproducing formulas. Here we have put together results from two articles, one of them is published, and the other, which is joint work with van Neerven and Portal, is currently being reviewed. Apart from this, we also give an alternative approach to a result of Bailey and Sikora on square function estimates for the Laplace operator on certain non-doubling manifolds and extend it to a more abstract setting. In the results from the published article, we consider specific group generators which are abstraction of first order differential operators. There we show spectral multiplier estimates similar to one available for $\frac{d}{d x}$ on $L^p(\R)$ assuming only that the group is bounded on $L^2$ rather than $L^p$. That is, we only assume that the operator $iD$ generates a group that has finite propagation speed on $L^2$ and satisfy some Sobolev embedding property. We, in fact, show R-bounded H{\"o}rmander calculus results for the square of a perturbed Hodge-Dirac operator (recovering, in particular, the result for uniformly elliptic divergence form operators with $L^{\infty}$ coefficients). For the results taken from the second article, we consider operators acting on a UMD Banach lattice $X$ that have the same algebraic structure as the position and momentum operators associated with the harmonic oscillator $-\frac12\Delta + \frac12|x|^{2}$ acting on $L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$. More precisely, we consider abstract harmonic oscillators of the form $\frac{1}{2} \sum _{j=1} ^{d}(A_{j}^{2}+B_{j}^{2})$ for tuples of operators $A=(A_{j})_{j=1} ^{d}$ and $B=(B_{k})_{k=1} ^{d}$, where $iA_j$ and $iB_k$ are assumed to generate $C_{0}$ groups and to satisfy the canonical commutator relations. We prove functional calculus results for these abstract harmonic oscillators that match classical H\"ormander spectral multiplier estimates for the harmonic oscillator $-\frac{1}{2}\Delta + \frac{1}{2}|x|^{2}$ on $L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$. This covers situations where the underlying metric measure space is not doubling and the use of function spaces that are not particularly well suited to extrapolation arguments. For instance, as an application we treat the harmonic oscillator on mixed norm Bargmann-Fock spaces. In addition to this, we show, for future application, an example of Weyl pairs on certain non-commutatice $L^p$ spaces , indicating that proving spectral multiplier estimates for the harmonic oscillators in this setting should be possible

Mechanics and physics of HIV virus interaction with cell membranes

A key step in the HIV infection process is the fusion of the virion membrane with the target cell membrane and the concomitant transfer of the viral RNA. Experimental evidence appears to suggest that the fusion is preceded by considerable elastic softening and thinning of the cell membranes and the formation of well-defined pores. What are the precise mechanisms underpinning the elastic softening of the membrane upon peptide insertion? A clear understanding of this could potentially pave the way for intelligent drug design to combat the epidemic caused by this deadly virus. State-of-the-art experiments to understand the HIV peptide insertion with T-cell membranes have been conducted recently. Using diffuse X-ray scattering, they deduced the bending modulus of the membranes upon HIV fusion peptide addition. Depending on the type of membrane, they found that the bending modulus (i.e., the property which dictates how resistant a membrane is to mechanical bending) can reduce between 3 and 13 times. This enormous mechanical softening greatly facilitates the subsequent fusion and infection process. Although the experimental findings are quite interesting, very little atomistic insights were gleaned. In short, modeling or simulations are necessary to interpret the aforementioned experiments and then provide guidelines for computationally driven rationale drug design. Predicated on the hypothesis that understanding, at the atomistic level, the membrane softening due to HIV peptide insertion will enable countermeasures, we have conducted large-scale molecular dynamics simulations on the interaction between HIV fusion peptide and cell membrane. Such simulations require modeling millions of atoms that interact with each through a complicated set of forces. The dynamics of such an ensemble was then studied and interpreted. For example, although the experiments were able to measure the overall reduction in bending modulus of the membrane – upon interaction with the HIV peptide – the key physics lies in what is happening locally at the peptide–membrane insertion interface. What exactly happens there that causes an overall softening of the membrane? In principle, insertion of rigid proteins or peptide in membranes ought to stiffen the membrane not soften it thus rendering the experimental observations even more perplexing. To this end, we have devised a numerical “experiment” which involves (computationally) sticking a needle into the membrane region of interest. Through derived theoretical formulae, and observation of the response of the atoms in the simulation when subject to the needle probe, we estimated the elastic behavior of a small and local patch of the membrane as opposed to the entire membrane itself. This, and the direct observation of the atomic behavior, allowed us to understand precisely what occurs at the peptide–membrane interface

Effect of Deformation on Semi–infinite Viscothermoelastic Cylinder Based on Five Theories of Generalized Thermoelasticity

We considera dynamical problem for semi-infinite viscothermoelastic semi infinite cylinder loaded mechanically and thermally and investigated the behaviour of variations of displacements, temperatures and stresses. The problem has been investigated with the help of five theories of the generalized viscothermoelasticity by using the Kelvin – Voigt model. Laplace transformations and Hankel transformations are applied to equations of constituent relations, equations of motion and heat conduction to obtain exact equations in transformed domain. Hankel transformed equations are inverted analytically and for the inversion of Laplace transformation we apply numerical technique to obtain field functions. In order to obtain field functions i.e. displacements, temperature and stresses numerically we apply MATLAB software tools. Numerically analyzed results for the temperature, displacements and stresses are shown graphically

Essays in Policy Evaluation

This dissertation contains three chapters. The first chapter attempts to employ a different research design to study the effects of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy. It employs a cross sectional differences in regression discontinuity design to study the labor market impacts of DACA. The second chapter studies the impact of choice architecture on food selections in the food pantry context. Finally, the third chapter evaluates the efficacy of a conditional cash transfer in improving the status of girls in India. In the first chapter, I study the impacts of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) on individuals’ labor market outcomes using a cross sectional differences-in-regression-discontinuity (DRD) design. The DRD design leverages the DACA multi-dimensional eligibility criteria. In particular, in order to be eligible for DACA, one has to be born after a certain cutoff date, among others. The DRD design then leverages this age discontinuity to create two RD designs, one among those potentially DACA eligible individuals, while the other counterfactual RD design among those DACA ineligible individuals (by other DACA eligibility criteria). The DRD design is valid under weaker conditions than the standard RD framework. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), I find that the DACA eligible population earned a higher income. I also find suggestive evidence of an increase in labor force participation.The second chapter highlights the impact of choice architecture, and in particular relative trade-offs, on food selections in the food pantry context. Client choice food pantries allow individuals, many of whom are food insecure, to select a preferred bundle of food. To date, interventions to improve the nutrition of food choices in pantries have not included price incentive programs like those employed in the retail food sector because pantries do not charge for food. However, economic incentives may still play a role in food pantry choices through choice architecture. We examined a natural experiment involving two client-choice regimes that effectively altered the opportunity cost of food selections. Longitudinal individual fixed effects models provide evidence that pantry clients responded to changed opportunity costs by selecting more foods that became relatively less expensive and fewer foods that became relatively more costly.The third chapter sheds light on the effectiveness of long-term cash transfers in improving the status of women in India. In response to the prevalence of female feticide, Bihar launched a policy called Mukhyamantri Kanya Suraksha Yojana (MKSY) in 2008. This policy aimed to improve the social status of women and to improve the sex ratio in the state. The policy provided long term cash transfers to two daughters of a family if certain eligibility conditions were satisfied. I analyze if the policy led to an improvement in the survival rate of the girl child. Furthermore, I also study the effects of the policy on the schooling outcomes of the girl child. My study finds negligible effects of the policy

Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region are frequent in cervical cancer

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is known for high mutation rates caused by lack of protective histones, inefficient DNA repair systems, and continuous exposure to mutagenic effects of oxygen radicals. Alterations in the non-coding displacement (D) loop of mitochondrial DNA are present in many cancers. It has been suggested that the extent of mitochondrial DNA mutations might be useful in the prognosis of cancer outcome and/or the response to certain therapies. In order to investigate whether a high incidence of mutations exist in mitochondrial DNA of cervical cancer patients, we examined the frequency of mutations in the D-loop region in 19 patients of cervical cancer. RESULTS: Mutations, often multiple, were detected in 18 of 19 (95%) patients. The presence of mutations correlated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection in these patients. Mutations were also detected in normal samples and lymphocytes obtained from cervical cancer patients, but their frequency of occurrence was much lower as compared to the cervical cancer tissues. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that D-loop alterations are frequent in cervical cancers and are possibly caused by HPV infection. There was no association of mtDNA D-loop mutations with the histopathological grade and tumor staging

Intravenous leiomyomatosis

Intravenous leiomyomatosis is a rare benign smooth muscle tumour arising from a venous wall or a uterine leiomyoma. This case highlights that intra-cardiac leiomyomatosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in addition to extended cancer or thrombus, in female patients, diagnosed with a right sided cardiac mass extending from the IVC. To prevent pulmonary embolism or sudden death in patients with intra-cardiac extension, complete surgical resection is necessary. One stage surgical removal has been recommended for complete resection

An Inventive Framework of Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS)

MEMS is an enabling technology allowing the development of smart products, enhancing the computational ability of microelectronics with the perception and control capabilities of micro sensors and micro actuators and expanding the space of possible designs and applications. MEMS is a relatively new technology which exploits the existing microelectronics infrastructure to create complex machines with micron feature sizes. MEMS promises to revolutionize nearly every product category by bringing together silicon based microelectronics with micro machining technology, making possible the realization of compl ete systems on a chip. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technolog enable us to create various useful sensing and actuating devices integrated with other microelectronic, optoelectronic, microwave, thermal and mechanical devices for advanced Microsystem s. Micromachining and micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies can be used to produce complex structure, devices, and systems on the scale of micrometers. MEMS products based on piezoelectric and capacitance sensing now include pressure and flo w sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, microphones, digital light projectors, oscillators, and RF switches. MEMS devices are used in virtually all areas of industrial activity, health care, consumer products, construction, and milita ry and space hardware. The future of MEMS is multifaceted, complex, and subject to change, in response to the prevailing winds of investment by government and commercial entities. This diversification of product offerings and globalization of the industry has been accompanied by strong revenue growth and growing private investment. Much of the growth in MEMS business is expected to come from products that are in early stages of development or yet to be invented