Interval type-2 fuzzy automata and Interval type-2 fuzzy grammar

The purpose of the present work is to introduce and study the concept of interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy grammar which recognizes the given IT2 fuzzy languages. The relationship between IT2 fuzzy automata and IT2 fuzzy (weak) regular grammars is discussed. Specifically, the results we obtained here are (i ) IT2 fuzzy weak regular grammar and IT2 fuzzy regular grammar generate the same classes of IT2 fuzzy languages (ii ) for a given IT2 fuzzy regular grammars, there exists an IT2 fuzzy automata such that they accept the same IT2 fuzzy languages, and vice versa. In addition, we define some operations on IT2 fuzzy languages and it is shown that IT2 fuzzy languages recognized by IT2 fuzzy automata are closed under the operations of union, intersection, concatenation and Kleene closure, but are not closed under complement

Acoustic Echo and Noise Cancellation System for Hand-Free Telecommunication using Variable Step Size Algorithms

In this paper, acoustic echo cancellation with doubletalk detection system is implemented for a hand-free telecommunication system using Matlab. Here adaptive noise canceller with blind source separation (ANC-BSS) system is proposed to remove both background noise and far-end speaker echo signal in presence of double-talk. During the absence of double-talk, far-end speaker echo signal is cancelled by adaptive echo canceller. Both adaptive noise canceller and adaptive echo canceller are implemented using LMS, NLMS, VSLMS and VSNLMS algorithms. The normalized cross-correlation method is used for double-talk detection. VSNLMS has shown its superiority over all other algorithms both for double-talk and in absence of double-talk. During the absence of double-talk it shows its superiority in terms of increment in ERLE and decrement in misalignment. In presence of double-talk, it shows improvement in SNR of near-end speaker signal

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and their prevalence among people in and around Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections, which causes high morbidity and mortality among human population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and their antibiogram profile of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in and around Dhanbad. Methods: A total of 641 urine samples were collected from the suspected patients of UTI. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar for isolation and identification. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Both male and female patients of different age groups were included for this study. Results: 45.70% urinary isolates were identified as E. coli. 43.56% UPEC isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and piperacillin/tazobactum. 22.77% isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin and amikacin followed by cefotaxime (21.78%). These isolates were mostly resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, their susceptibility pattern was found to be 11.88% and 5.94% respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of E. coli among urinary isolates was high in our study. Antibiogram profile of these isolates varies to different antibiotics in terms of their susceptibility pattern. Continuous surveillance of antibiogram of UPEC isolate is mandatory because it vary significantly in different geographical area. Thus empirical selection of antimicrobials should be based on the knowledge of local prevalence and individual sensitivity rather than on universal guideline

A 4D Light-Field Dataset and CNN Architectures for Material Recognition

We introduce a new light-field dataset of materials, and take advantage of the recent success of deep learning to perform material recognition on the 4D light-field. Our dataset contains 12 material categories, each with 100 images taken with a Lytro Illum, from which we extract about 30,000 patches in total. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mid-size dataset for light-field images. Our main goal is to investigate whether the additional information in a light-field (such as multiple sub-aperture views and view-dependent reflectance effects) can aid material recognition. Since recognition networks have not been trained on 4D images before, we propose and compare several novel CNN architectures to train on light-field images. In our experiments, the best performing CNN architecture achieves a 7% boost compared with 2D image classification (70% to 77%). These results constitute important baselines that can spur further research in the use of CNNs for light-field applications. Upon publication, our dataset also enables other novel applications of light-fields, including object detection, image segmentation and view interpolation.Comment: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) 201

Comparative study between interlock nailing and dynamic compression plating in humerus diaphyseal fractures in its functional and surgical outcome

Background: The aim of the study was to analyse compare study between interlock nailing and dynamic compression plating in humerus diaphyseal fractures in its functional and surgical outcome. Methods: The 2019 to 2022, patients were randomly divided into two groups with the help of computer-generated coded envelopes, group A (humerus diaphyseal fractures treated with dynamic compression plating) and group B (humerus diaphyseal fractures treated with interlock nailing) with 20 patients in each group. Outcomes were evaluated based on operative time, blood loss, neurovascular deficit, surgical site infection, union, shoulder stiffness, constant Murley score, Mayo elbow performance index at 1 year of follow up. Results: On radiology as non-union and union, most common study participants show union, on follow up of 1 year constant Murley score and Mayo elbow performance index was calculated and constant Murley score was more in patients treated with dynamic compression plating, shoulder stiffness was more in patients treated with interlock nailing. However blood loss was more in patients treated with dynamic compression plating. Conclusions: The result of our study shows that interlock nailing is associated with less blood loss but it is associated with decreased shoulder function postoperatively and marked shoulder stiffness which is more than patients treated with dynamic compression plating. Hence dynamic compression plating should be considered gold standard for operative treatment of humerus shaft fracture

Case Report: Intramedullary Cervical Spinal Cord Hemangioblastoma with an Evaluation of von Hippel-Lindau Disease

History of Present Illness MO is a 49 year old male with a history of multiple sclerosis who presents with a one year history of progressive numbness in his shoulders bilateral and upper back. The patient describes occasional sharp pains that radiate to his first three fingers on his right hand. He denies weakness, clumsiness, difficulty walking, or bladder/bowel dysfunction. He describes no problems with handwriting, or fine motor skills

Hemorrhage into an Occult Spinal Ependymoma after Epidural Anesthesia

Summary of Background Data: Five cases of hemorrhage into a spinal neoplasm after spinal or epidural anesthesia are reported in the literature. Presentation ranges from severe low back pain to acute cauda equina syndrome. Methods: A case study of a patient who hemorrhaged into an intradural, extramedullary spinal cord mass was performed. A detailed literature review is also provided. Results: A 27 year old female underwent epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section delivery. She presented with a 3 week history of increasing low back pain with bilateral radiculopathy. Imaging studies revealed a large hemorrhagic intradural mass compressing the lower conus medullaris and cauda equina, which operatively was confirmed to be a myxopapillary ependymoma. Conclusions: We report a case of hemorrhage into a previously unrecognized ependymoma after epidural anesthesia. Underlying tumors may rarely complicate regional anesthesia in the lumbar spine

Magnitude and Causes of Maternal Deaths at Health Facilities in Eritrea in 2007.

Objective: To measure the level of maternal mortality in health facilities as well as the magnitude and proportion of obstetric complications in health facilities in Eritrea. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey of all hospitals and health centers in Eritrea and a random sample of around a third of health stations. Medical records of all patients who encountered obstetric complications in 2007 were reviewed. Findings: The main causes of obstetric complications among hospital admissions in 2007 were abortion complications (45.6%), obstructed/prolonged labor (18.4%), abnormal fetal presentation (10.3%) and preeclampsia/ eclampsia (7.7%). The number of maternal deaths at facilities was relatively small. Out of the 6,315 patients who were admitted for obstetric complications in 2007, 41 were classified as maternal deaths. The leading causes of maternal deaths included pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia in 22.0 percent of the cases, abortion complications in 19.5 percent of the cases and postpartum sepsis in 17.1 percent of the cases and post-partum hemorrhage in 14.6 percent of cases. The case-fatality rate for obstetric complications was low at 0.75 percent. The majority of maternal deaths (65 percent) occurred in the post-partum period, while 32 percent occurred during the ante-partum period, and 3 percent during intra-partum or during labor or delivery Conclusion: Over all it can be concluded that the Eritrean health system is performing well with the current demand for services. The issue of abortion requires special attention because it is the leading obstetric complication, which accounts for 46 percent of maternal complications and is responsible for one fifth of maternal deaths. Although the case fatality rate of all obstetric complications combined is not high (0.75 percent), the cause specific case fatality rates for the leading causes of maternal mortality was high Keywords: Maternal mortality, obstetric complications, abortion, case fatality rat