Circadian Rhythm and the Seasonal Variation in Childhood Febrile Seizure

How to Cite This Article: Sharafi R, Hassanzadeh Rad A, Aminzadeh V. Circadian Rhythm and the Seasonal Variation in Childhood Febrile Seizure. Iran J Child Neurol. Summer 2017; 11(3):27-30. AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to assess the circadian rhythm and the seasonal variation in childhood febrile seizure (FS).Materials & MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted retrospectively on patients’ records. Investigators assessed the records of patients with simple FS aged 6 to 60 months referred to Emergency Department of 17-Shahrivar Hospital, Rasht northern Iran during Jan 2010 to Jan 2013. Data were gathered by a checklist including age, sex, temperature, duration of seizure, seasonal, months, diurnal variation, and level of consciousness.ResultsTotally, 349 patients including 193 (55.3%) boys and 156 (44.7%) girls with the mean age of 22.85±18.34 months were enrolled in this study. The mean temperature of patients was 38.45±0.53°C. The mean duration of seizure was 97.91±57 sec. Awake, drowsy and slept patients were noted in 170 (48.7%), 33 (9.5%) and 146 (41.8%) cases, respectively. Most of the FS occurred in winter 118 (33.8%), afternoon 132 (37.8%) and in Jan 55 (15.8%).ConclusionBody temperature adjusted by hypothalamus affecting by circadian rhythm. FS is the most common form of seizure in childhood occurred by multifactorial issues. Otherwise, the occurrence of seizure in patients with epilepsy may be affected by the circadian rhythm. Seizures happen more frequent at a specific time in 24 h during a day.References1. Dubé CM, Brewster AL, Richichi C, Zha Q, Baram TZ. Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30(10):490-6.2. Patterson KP, Baram TZ, Shinnar S. Origins of temporal lobe epilepsy: febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus. Neurotherapeutics 2014;11(2):242-50.3. Racinais S, Fernandez J, Farooq A, Valciu S, Hynes R. Daily variation in body core temperature using radiotelemetry in aluminium industry shift-workers. J Thermal Biol 2012;37(4):351-4.4. Scales WE, Vander AJ, Brown MB, Kluger MJ. Human circadian rhythms in temperature, trace metals, and blood variables. J Appl Physiol 1988;65(4):1840-6.5. Martinez D, Lenz MD, Menna-Barreto L. Diagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 2008 34(3):173-80.6. Azevedo CV, Sousa I, Paul K, MacLeish MY, Mondejar MT, Sarabia JA, et al. Teaching chronobiology and sleep habits in school and university. Mind Brain Edu 2008;2(1):34-47.7. Ishihara K. Development of body temperature rhythm: 6 years follow up of three cases. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 2001;55(3):229-30.8. Torshin V, Vlasova I. Biorhythmologic aspects of seizure activity. Bulletin Exp Biol Med 2001;132(5):1025-8.9. Uberos J, Augustin-Morales M, Molina Carballo A, Florido J, Narbona E, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Normalization of the sleep–wake pattern and melatonin and 6- sulphatoxymelatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy. J Pineal Res 2011; 50(2):192-6.10. Ogihara M, Shirakawa S, Miyajima T, Takekuma K, Hoshika A. Diurnal variation in febrile convulsions. Pediatr Neurol 2010;42(6):409-12.11. Manfredini R, Vergine G, Boari B, Faggioli R, Borgna- Pignatti C. Circadian and seasonal variation of first febrile seizures. J Pediatr 2004;145(6):838-9.12. Panahandeh K, Harandi V, Esma’ili Jazanabadi F. Evaluation of seasonal variation and circadian rhythm of febrile seizures in children admitted to the pediatric ward of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital. Razi J Med Sci 2008; 15(59): 59-66.13. Mikkonen K, Uhari M, Pokka T, Rantala H. Diurnal and seasonal occurrence of febrile seizures. Pediat Neurol 2015;52(4):424-7

risk factors of Febrile Status Epilepticus

Objective: we aimed to investigate risk factors of FSE in children.Materials and methods: This is an analytic case control study which was conducted on all patients  records with first FS admitted to 17 shahrivar hospital during 2007-2014, Rasht. cases were children aged 6 to 60 months with febrile status epilepticus and controls were children with complex and simple febrile seizures. Data were gathered by a checklist including age, sex, type of milk consuming during first year, temperature, the interval  between fever and seizure, family history of epilepsy and febrile seizure, and prematurity.  Data were reported by descriptive statistics (number, percent, mean, standard deviation) and analyzed by chi square in SPSS 19.Results: In this study, 756 patients with FS participated including 39 patients with FSE, 194 complex febrile seizure (CFC) and 523 simple febrile seizure(SFC).Most of the patients (57.8%) experienced seizure with low grade fever (<39 c). The mean age in SFC group was significantly higher than FSE patients. Significant relation was noted between groups regarding body temperature during seizure (p=0.006), family history of febrile seizure (0.029), family history of epilepsy (p=0.042) and the premature birth (p=0.023)Significant relation was noted between FSE and CFC groups regarding body temperature during seizure (p=0.004), family history of febrile seizure (0.011), family history of epilepsy (p=0.037), and the premature birth (p=0.025) between FSE and CFC groups.In Conclusion: According to results, It seems that further investigation which assess these factors can be recommended

(E)-4-[(4-Diethyl­amino-2-hy­droxy­benzyl­idene)amino]­benzoic acid

In the title compound, C18H20N2O3, a potential bidentate N,O-donor Schiff base ligand, the benzene rings are inclined at an angle of 12.25 (19)°. The mol­ecule has an E conformation about the C=N bond. One of the ethyl groups is disordered over two positions, with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.55 (1):0.45 (1). An intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond makes an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules, forming inversion dimers with R 2 2(8) ring motifs

(E)-3-[(2-Hy­droxy-3-meth­oxy­benzyl­idene)amino]­benzoic acid

In the title compound, C15H13NO4, the dihedral angle between the substituted benzene rings is 9.9 (8)°. Part of the mol­ecule (the salicylaldimine segment) is disordered over two sets of sites, with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.550 (14):0.450 (14). Intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds form S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers with R 2 2(8) ring motifs. The crystal packing also features C—H⋯π inter­actions

Equivalence of constacyclic codes with shift constants of different orders

Let $a$ and $b$ be two non-zero elements of a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $q>2$. It has been shown that if $a$ and $b$ have the same multiplicative order in $\mathbb{F}_q$, then the families of $a$-constacyclic and $b$-constacyclic codes over $\mathbb{F}_q$ are monomially equivalent. In this paper, we investigate the monomial equivalence of $a$-constacyclic and $b$-constacyclic codes when $a$ and $b$ have distinct multiplicative orders. We present novel conditions for establishing monomial equivalence in such constacyclic codes, surpassing previous methods of determining monomially equivalent constacyclic and cyclic codes. As an application, we use these results to search for new linear codes more systematically. In particular, we present more than $70$ new record-breaking linear codes over various finite fields, as well as new binary quantum codes.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 table

Fueling the future; plant genetic engineering for sustainable biodiesel production

Biodiesel has huge potentials as a green and technologically feasible alternative to fossil diesel. However, biodiesel production from edible oil crops has been widely criticized while nonedible oil plants are associated with some serious disadvantages, such as high cost, low oil yield, and unsuitable oil composition. The next generation sequencing (NGS), omics technologies, and genetic engineering have opened new paths toward achieving high performance-oil plants varieties for commercial biodiesel production. The intent of the present review paper is to review and critically discuss the recent genetic and metabolic engineering strategies developed to overcome the shortcoming faced in nonedible plants, including Jatropha curcas and Camelina sativa, as emerging platforms for biodiesel production. These strategies have been looked into three different categories. Through the first strategy aimed at enhancing oil content, the key genes involved in triacylglycerols (TAGs) biosynthesis pathway (e.g., diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1)), genes affecting seed size and plant growth (e.g., transcription factors (WRI1), auxin response factor 19 (ARF19),  leafy cotyledon1 (LEC1), purple acid phosphatase 2 (PAP2), G-protein c subunit 3 (AGG3), and flowering locus T (FT)), as well as genes involved in TAGs degradation (e.g., sugar-dependent protein 1 triacylglycerol lipase (SDP1)) have been deliberated. While through the second strategy targeting enhanced oil composition, suppression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of linoleic acids (e.g., fatty acid desaturase (FAD2), fatty acid elongase (FAE1), acyl-ACP thioesterase (FATB), and ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII)), suppression of the genes encoding toxic metabolites (curcin precursor and casbene synthase (JcCASA)), and finally, engineering the genes responsible for the production of unusual TAGs (e.g., Acetyl-TAGs and hydroxylated fatty acids (HFA)) have been debated. In addition to those, enhancing tolerance to biotic (pest and disease) and abiotic (drought, salinity, freezing, and heavy metals) stresses as another important genetic engineering strategy to facilitate the cultivation of nonedible oil plants under conditions unsuitable for food crops has been addressed. Finally, the challenges faced prior to successful commercialization of the resultant GM oil plants such have been presented

The mediating effects of moral disengagement and aggressive humor style: Dark Triad traits and schadenfreude

BackgroundWhile schadenfreude is commonly experienced in interpersonal relationships, it is generally considered immoral. Although previous research has explored the factors relating to schadenfreude, including certain personality traits, moral disengagement, and humor styles, our understanding of these factors remains limited. The present study examined the mediating effects of moral disengagement and aggressive humor style in the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and schadenfreude.MethodsIn this study, a sample of 693 Iranian students (69.4% female), was recruited using a convenient sampling method, consisting of 330 undergraduate, 230 graduate, and 133 Ph.D. students. The trait schadenfreude scale, the short Dark Triad, the moral disengagement scale, and the aggressive humor style scale were measured through an online survey.ResultsThe study found that Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy were positively related to schadenfreude, aggressive humor style, and moral disengagement. Additionally, aggressive humor style and moral disengagement mediated the relationship between Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy with schadenfreude.ConclusionThis study provides insights into the complex relationships between Dark Triad traits, moral disengagement, aggressive humor style, and schadenfreude. The findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of Dark Triad traits may be more likely to experience pleasure from others’ misfortunes. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of moral disengagement and aggressive humor style as potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between Dark Triad traits and schadenfreude. Further research should be done to explore the motivational factors influencing schadenfreude in specific settings, thereby elucidating these connections

Survey of effective parameters (Water sources, seasonal variation and residual chlorine) on presence of thermotolerant coliforms bacteria in different drinking water resources

Thermotolerant Coliforms (TtC) bacteria is one of the microbial quality indicators of drinking water. This study was aimed to Survey of Effective parameters (Water Resources, Seasonal Variation and Residual Chlorine) on Presence of thermotolerant bacteria in drinking water. For this study, data of the last 10 years assessments of microbial quality regarding various species of fecal coliform was taken from health centers associated with urban, rural and private sources of Kermanshah city. A total number of 8643 samples were taken, 1851 samples from rural, 365 from urban and 4834 from private resources. The results showed that fecal coliform, Escherichia coli (22.3%) and Klebsiella (2%) were the most and least bacteria existent in urban water resources, respectively. In rural water sources, E. coli (45.9%) and Enterobacter cloacea (2.6%) and in private sources E. coli (34%) and Klebsiella (1.3%) had the most and least existent, respectively. Further, E. coli (47.5%) and Klebsiella (0.4%) had, respectively, the highest and lowest distribution in all months considered. In addition the results showed a significant decrease of distribution of fecal coliforms with increasing residual chlorine, while a decreasing trend is observed from the dose of 0.8 mg/L. According to the results, it can be stated that among fecal coliforms, E. coli has the widest distribution in water resources and because this bacterium causes diseases such as diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, so is of particular importance in the monitoring of water resources. Hence it is necessary to consider the bacterium in resources with low microbial quality, especially in the hot seasons

An Intelligent System for Parking Trailer using Reinforcement Learning and Type 2 fuzzy Logic

Abstract: In examples of reinforcement learning where state space is continuous, it seems impossible to use reference tables to store value-action .In these problems a method is required for value estimation for each state-action pair .The inputs to this estimation system are (characteristics of) state variables which reflect the status of agent in the environment .The system can be either linear of nonlinear .For each member in set of actions of an agent, there exists an estimation system which determines state value for the action .On the other hand, in most real world problems, just as the state space is continuous, so is the action space for an agent .In these cases, type 2 type 2 fuzzy systems may provide a useful solution in selection of final action from action space .In this paper we intend to combine reinforcement learning algorithm with fuzzified actions and state space along with a linear estimation system into an intelligent systems for parking Trailers in cases where both state and action spaces are continuous .Finally, the successful performance of the proposed algorithm is shown through simulations on trailer parking problem