Surface-supported Ag islands stabilized by a quantum size effect: their interaction with small molecules relevant to ethylene epoxidation

Surface-supported Ag nanoparticles demonstrate quantum-size-effect (QSE) mediated growth behavior. 2-layer Ag islands are stabilized by QSE for Ag/Si(111)-7x7. O2 exposure on such system changes the Ag island height distribution: promoting 3-layer island growth at the expense of 1-, and 2-layer islands. This is an indication that oxygen adsorption changes QSE of Ag/Si(111)-7x7. Mild annealing following O2 exposure promotes growth of even higher islands (up to 9-layer high). Such trend indicates the instability of 3-layer islands with oxygen adsorption. Ethylene exposure on Ag/Si(111)-7x7 leads to protrusions on Ag islands and protrusive rims on island edges. But ethylene does not affect QSE of Ag/Si(111)-7x7 significantly. O2 exposure on Ag/NiAl(110) disrupts the relative stability of Ag bilayer (BL) islands stabilized by QSE. 1-BL island react with O2 to form indentations and protrusions. However, these features do not occur on 2-BL Ag islands. A possible explanation is that the adsorption energy of oxygen is much higher on 2-BL islands than on 1-BL islands

Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication.

Orellanine (OR) toxin is produced by mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius which grow in North America and in Europe. OR poisoning is characterized by severe oliguric acute renal failure, with a mortality rate of 10%-30%. Diagnosis of OR poisoning currently hinges on a history of ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms and histopathology of renal biopsies. A key step in the diagnostic approach is analysis of tissues for OR. Currently, tissue-based analytical methods for OR are nonspecific and lack sensitivity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop definitive HPLC and LC-MS/MS tissue-based analytical methods for OR; and (2) to investigate toxicological effects of OR in mice. The HPLC limit of quantitation was 10 µg/g. For fortification levels of 15 µg/g to 50 µg/g OR in kidney, the relative standard deviation was between 1.3% and 9.8%, and accuracy was within 1.5% to 7.1%. A matrix-matched calibration curve was reproduced in this range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97-0.99. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g for LC-MS/MS. In OR-injected mice, kidney OR concentrations were 97 ± 51 µg/g on Day 0 and 17 ± 1 µg/g on termination Day 3. Splenic and liver injuries were novel findings in this mouse model. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology

Determining whether metals nucleate homogeneously on graphite: A case study with copper

We observe that Cu clusters grow on surface terraces of graphite as a result of physical vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. We show that the observation is incompatible with a variety of models incorporating homogeneous nucleation and calculations of atomic-scale energetics. An alternative explanation, ion-mediated heterogeneous nucleation, is proposed and validated, both with theory and experiment. This serves as a case study in identifying when and whether the simple, common observation of metal clusters on carbon-rich surfaces can be interpreted in terms of homogeneous nucleation. We describe a general approach for making system-specific and laboratory-specific predictions

Time to Benefit of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Among Patients With Heart Failure

IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence has consistently demonstrated that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalization and cardiovascular (CV) death among patients with HF. However, it remains unclear how long a patient needs to live to potentially benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors in this population. OBJECTIVES To estimate the time to benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors among patients with HF. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This comparative effectiveness study systematically searched PubMed for completed randomized clinical trials about SGLT2 inhibitors and patients with HF published until September 5, 2022; 5 trials with the year of publication ranging from 2019 to 2022 were eventually included. Statistical analysis was performed from April to October 2022. INTERVENTION Addition of SGLT2 inhibitors or placebo to guideline-recommended therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the time to first event of CV death or worsening HF, which was broadly comparable across the included trials. RESULTS Five trials consisting of 21 947 patients with HF (7837 [35.7%] were female; mean or median age older than 65 years within each trial) were included. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of worsening HF or CV death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.73-0.82]). Time to first nominal statistical significance (P < .05) was 26 days (0.86 months), and statistical significance was sustained from day 118 (3.93 months) onwards. A mean of 0.19 (95% CI, 0.12-0.35) months were needed to prevent 1 worsening HF or CV death per 500 patients with SGLT2 inhibitors (absolute risk reduction [ARR], 0.002). Likewise, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.43-1.13) months was estimated to avoid 1 event per 200 patients with SGLT2 inhibitors (ARR, 0.005), 1.74 (95% CI, 1.07-2.61) months to avoid 1 event per 100 patients (ARR, 0.010), and 4.96 (95% CI, 3.18-7.26) months to avoid 1 event per 50 patients (ARR, 0.020). Further analyses indicated a shorter time to benefit for HF hospitalization and among patients with diabetes or HF with reduced ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this comparative effectiveness research study of estimating the time to benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors among patients with HF, a rapid clinical benefit in reducing CV death or worsening HF was found, suggesting that their use may be beneficial for most individuals with HF

Systematic identification and characterization of chicken (Gallus gallus) ncRNAs

Recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles during development and evolution. Chicken, the first genome-sequenced non-mammalian amniote, possesses unique features for developmental and evolutionary studies. However, apart from microRNAs, information on chicken ncRNAs has mainly been obtained from computational predictions without experimental validation. In the present study, we performed a systematic identification of intermediate size ncRNAs (50–500 nt) by ncRNA library construction and identified 125 chicken ncRNAs. Importantly, through the bioinformatics and expression analysis, we found the chicken ncRNAs has several novel features: (i) comparative genomic analysis against 18 sequenced vertebrate genomes revealed that the majority of the newly identified ncRNA candidates is not conserved and most are potentially bird/chicken specific, suggesting that ncRNAs play roles in lineage/species specification during evolution. (ii) The expression pattern analysis of intronic snoRNAs and their host genes suggested the coordinated expression between snoRNAs and their host genes. (iii) Several spatio-temporal specific expression patterns suggest involvement of ncRNAs in tissue development. Together, these findings provide new clues for future functional study of ncRNAs during development and evolution

Surface-supported Ag islands stabilized by a quantum size effect: their interaction with small molecules relevant to ethylene epoxidation

Surface-supported Ag nanoparticles demonstrate quantum-size-effect (QSE) mediated growth behavior. 2-layer Ag islands are stabilized by QSE for Ag/Si(111)-7x7. O2 exposure on such system changes the Ag island height distribution: promoting 3-layer island growth at the expense of 1-, and 2-layer islands. This is an indication that oxygen adsorption changes QSE of Ag/Si(111)-7x7. Mild annealing following O2 exposure promotes growth of even higher islands (up to 9-layer high). Such trend indicates the instability of 3-layer islands with oxygen adsorption. Ethylene exposure on Ag/Si(111)-7x7 leads to protrusions on Ag islands and protrusive rims on island edges. But ethylene does not affect QSE of Ag/Si(111)-7x7 significantly. O2 exposure on Ag/NiAl(110) disrupts the relative stability of Ag bilayer (BL) islands stabilized by QSE. 1-BL island react with O2 to form indentations and protrusions. However, these features do not occur on 2-BL Ag islands. A possible explanation is that the adsorption energy of oxygen is much higher on 2-BL islands than on 1-BL islands.</p

Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication.

Orellanine (OR) toxin is produced by mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius which grow in North America and in Europe. OR poisoning is characterized by severe oliguric acute renal failure, with a mortality rate of 10%-30%. Diagnosis of OR poisoning currently hinges on a history of ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms and histopathology of renal biopsies. A key step in the diagnostic approach is analysis of tissues for OR. Currently, tissue-based analytical methods for OR are nonspecific and lack sensitivity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop definitive HPLC and LC-MS/MS tissue-based analytical methods for OR; and (2) to investigate toxicological effects of OR in mice. The HPLC limit of quantitation was 10 µg/g. For fortification levels of 15 µg/g to 50 µg/g OR in kidney, the relative standard deviation was between 1.3% and 9.8%, and accuracy was within 1.5% to 7.1%. A matrix-matched calibration curve was reproduced in this range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97-0.99. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g for LC-MS/MS. In OR-injected mice, kidney OR concentrations were 97 ± 51 µg/g on Day 0 and 17 ± 1 µg/g on termination Day 3. Splenic and liver injuries were novel findings in this mouse model. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology

Resveratrol Ameliorates Fibrosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease via the Autophagy&ndash;Lysosome Pathway

Interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) can lead to interstitial fibrosis and even lung failure as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and there is currently no effective treatment and related basic research. Studies have found that resveratrol (Res) can improve the progression of RA by regulating autophagy, and increasing evidence supports the connection between autophagy and common interstitial lung disease (ILD). We explored changes in autophagy levels in fibrotic lungs in RA-ILD and found that the level of autophagy is enhanced in the early stage but inhibited in the late stage. However, resveratrol treatment improved the level of autophagy and reversed the inhibition of autophagy, and attenuated fibrosis. We created corresponding cell models that exhibited the same phenotypic changes as animal models; under the effect of resveratrol, the level of fibrosis changed accordingly, and the fusion process of lysosomes and autophagosomes in autophagy was liberated from the inhibition state. Resveratrol effects were reversed by the addition of the late autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. These results suggest that resveratrol attenuates pulmonary fibrosis, increases autophagic flux, and modulates the autophagy&ndash;lysosome pathway, and particularly it may work by improving the formation of autophagic lysosomes, which may be an effective treatment for induced RA-ILD