Disparity in autism spectrum disorder prevalence among Taiwan National Health Insurance

[[abstract]]The present study aims to characterize the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in Taiwan while examining the effects of age, gender, and urbanization on ASD occurrence. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze data from 895,639 random health insurance claimants who claimed medical services in the year 2007. Autism was defined using the ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 299.0 (autism, current or active). The prevalence of autistic cases was found to be 12.3‰ (10,868/884,771) in the general population, with the prevalence among males (19.2‰) significantly higher than that among females (6‰). With regards to age distribution, we found that the autistic group (mean age = 16.0 years) was significantly younger than the general population (mean age = 37.2 years). A logistic regression analysis found that age, gender, residence urbanization level and Bureau of National Health Insurance regional division all constituted influence factors for autistic occurrence. The results demonstrate the importance of taking into account age, gender, and geographical disparities in autistic prevalence in order to implement appropriate public health policies for the ASD population

Emergency department utilization and determinants of use by 0-to 6-year-old children with disabilities in Taipei

[[abstract]]Although many studies have explored emergency services for children, there are few published reports of the utilization of emergency services by children with disabilities. The present study attempts to provide data regarding the utilization of, and factors affecting, emergency department visits by disabled children in Taipei. A general census of 1006 children with disabilities, identified from the Taiwan National Disability Registry System in Taipei, was conducted. The overall response rate was 38%, yielding a sample of 340 disabled children. The results showed that 30.1% of children with disabilities had utilized emergency department services over the past 4 months with an average of 1.4 visits per child. The most common reasons for emergency visits were fever (34.7%), respiratory symptoms (24.2%), abdominal pain (15.8%), injury (7.4%), and epilepsy seizures (7.4%). This study also found, using a logistic regression model, that emergency department utilization may be associated with household economic status and the reported physical health of children with disabilities. The 'deficit' and 'balance' household economic status groups gave odds ratios of 3.902 (95% Cl = 1.469-10.364) and 3.311 (95% Cl = 1.249-8.779), relative to the 'surplus' group. The model also indicated that those children with disabilities who were reported as being in poor physical health had 11.359 times (95% CI=2.968-43.469) the likelihood of using emergency care than those whose physical health was in excellent condition. The study suggests that in order to maximize the health of children with disabilities, medical care stakeholders should consider who are the most likely groups to use emergency department services and develop anticipatory guidance or preventive services for this vulnerable population. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Employees' Perception of Workplace Health Promotion Initiatives in Taiwan: A Cross-sectional Survey of 30 Worksites

[[abstract]]The present study was to describe the input/process and evaluate the effectiveness of Taiwanese Workplace Health Promotion Initiatives based on employees' perspectives. This study employed a cross-sectional design by a structured questionnaire that was completed by 842 employees in 30 workplaces that participated in the Taiwan Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) Initiatives which supported by Ministry or Health from 2004 to 2006. The results found that the employees generally agreed that WHP improved their personal health skills. There was a lower level of agreement with respect to other input/process domains such as workplace healthy policy, workplace supportive health environments and WHP activities and services and the WHP effectiveness. With regard to the prediction of WHP effectiveness, the domain of workplace health activities/services could only predict 50.5% of the variation of the effectiveness in a regression model. Three domains of workplace - health activities/services, personal health skills and supportive health environments - were significantly correlated to the agree level of health promotion effectiveness. The results suggest that companies that intend initiating health promotion programs need to conduct a detailed assessment of the nature of the workplace settings and the perceptions of employees

Development of a controlled environment near-field optical microscope for organic thin film studies

The requirements of a microscope differ greatly from field to field and with the sample being studied Organic thin films are highly sensitive to environmental conditions being rapidly photobleached in the presence of oxygen In this paper we introduce the design of a low cost near field optical microscope suitable for environmentally controlled studies. We demonstrate that reducing ambient pressure to similar to 10 mTorr (1 3 Pa) of nitrogen (a pressure accessible with a mechanical pump) significantly reduces photo-bleaching on a typical experimental timescale. In addition, we introduce a novel non-optical feedback control mechanism combining a piezoelectric diaphragm with a tuning fork. The morphology of thin films of MEH-PPV spin cast from the polymer dissolved in chlorobenzene is investigated These films are shown to be featureless on a 100 nm length scale in terms of topology, PL intensity and PL spectrum both before and during photo-bleaching. As far as we are aware these are the first reported thin films of MEH-PPV grown in which similar to 100 nm sized domains arc absent. We believe that the ability to control environment will not only allow better optical characterization of thin films but also opens up the possibility of the production of novel two dimensional organic photonic crystals through a combination of mechanical disruption, photo-bleaching and photo-conjugation of polymers

An Exploration of In-Context Learning for Speech Language Model

Ever since the development of GPT-3 in the natural language processing (NLP) field, in-context learning (ICL) has played an important role in utilizing large language models (LLMs). By presenting the LM utterance-label demonstrations at the input, the LM can accomplish few-shot learning without relying on gradient descent or requiring explicit modification of its parameters. This enables the LM to learn and adapt in a black-box manner. Despite the success of ICL in NLP, little work is exploring the possibility of ICL in speech processing. This study proposes the first exploration of ICL with a speech LM without text supervision. We first show that the current speech LM does not have the ICL capability. With the proposed warmup training, the speech LM can, therefore, perform ICL on unseen tasks. In this work, we verify the feasibility of ICL for speech LM on speech classification tasks.Comment: The first two authors contributed equall

Emergency Department Utilization and Determinants of Use by 0 to 6-year-old Children with Disabilities in Taipei.

[[abstract]]Although many studies have explored emergency services for children, there are few published reports of the utilization of emergency services by children with disabilities. The present study attempts to provide data regarding the utilization of, and factors affecting, emergency department visits by disabled children in Taipei. A general census of 1006 children with disabilities, identified from the Taiwan National Disability Registry System in Taipei, was conducted. The overall response rate was 38%, yielding a sample of 340 disabled children. The results showed that 30.1% of children with disabilities had utilized emergency department services over the past 4 months with an average of 1.4 visits per child. The most common reasons for emergency visits were fever (34.7%), respiratory symptoms (24.2%), abdominal pain (15.8%), injury (7.4%), and epilepsy seizures (7.4%). This study also found, using a logistic regression model, that emergency department utilization may be associated with household economic status and the reported physical health of children with disabilities. The ‘deficit’ and ‘balance’ household economic status groups gave odds ratios of 3.902 (95% CI = 1.469–10.364) and 3.311 (95% CI = 1.249–8.779), relative to the ‘surplus’ group. The model also indicated that those children with disabilities who were reported as being in poor physical health had 11.359 times (95% CI = 2.968–43.469) the likelihood of using emergency care than those whose physical health was in excellent condition. The study suggests that in order to maximize the health of children with disabilities, medical care stakeholders should consider who are the most likely groups to use emergency department services and develop anticipatory guidance or preventive services for this vulnerable population

Employees’ perception of workplace health promotion initiatives in Taiwan: a cross-sectional survey of 30 worksites

[[abstract]]The present study was to describe the input/process and evaluate the effectiveness of Taiwanese Workplace Health Promotion Initiatives based on employees' perspectives. This study employed a cross-sectional design by a structured questionnaire that was completed by 842 employees in 30 workplaces that participated in the Taiwan Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) Initiatives which supported by Ministry of Health from 2004 to 2006. The results found that the employees generally agreed that WHP improved their personal health skills. There was a lower level of agreement with respect to other input/process domains such as workplace healthy policy, workplace supportive health environments and WHP activities and services and the WHP effectiveness. With regard to the prediction of WHP effectiveness, the domain of workplace health activities/services could only predict 50.5% of the variation of the effectiveness in a regression model. Three domains of workplace ― health activities/services, personal health skills and supportive health environments ― were significantly correlated to the agree level of health promotion effectiveness. The results suggest that companies that intend initiating health promotion programs need to conduct a detailed assessment of the nature of the workplace settings and the perceptions of employees

Use of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Its Associated Factors among Elderly People with Disabilities in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study

Influenza immunization among elderly people with disabilities is a critical public health concern; however, few studies have examined the factors associated with vaccination rates in non-Western societies.By linking the National Disability Registration System and health service claims dataset from the National Health Insurance program, this population-based study investigated the seasonal influenza vaccination rate among elderly people with disabilities in Taiwan (N = 283,172) in 2008. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to adjust for covariates.Nationally, only 32.7% of Taiwanese elderly people with disabilities received influenza vaccination. The strongest predictor for getting vaccinated among older Taiwanese people with disabilities was their experience of receiving an influenza vaccination in the previous year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.67-6.93). Frequent OPD use (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.81-1.89) and undergoing health examinations in the previous year (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.62-1.69) also showed a moderate and significant association with receiving an influenza vaccination.Although free influenza vaccination has been provided in Taiwan since 2001, influenza immunization rates among elderly people with disabilities remain low. Policy initiatives are required to address the identified factors for improving influenza immunization rates among elderly people with disabilities

Prompting and Adapter Tuning for Self-supervised Encoder-Decoder Speech Model

Prompting and adapter tuning have emerged as efficient alternatives to fine-tuning (FT) methods. However, existing studies on speech prompting focused on classification tasks and failed on more complex sequence generation tasks. Besides, adapter tuning is primarily applied with a focus on encoder-only self-supervised models. Our experiments show that prompting on Wav2Seq, a self-supervised encoder-decoder model, surpasses previous works in sequence generation tasks. It achieves a remarkable 53% relative improvement in word error rate for ASR and a 27% in F1 score for slot filling. Additionally, prompting competes with the FT method in the low-resource scenario. Moreover, we show the transferability of prompting and adapter tuning on Wav2Seq in cross-lingual ASR. When limited trainable parameters are involved, prompting and adapter tuning consistently outperform conventional FT across 7 languages. Notably, in the low-resource scenario, prompting consistently outperforms adapter tuning.Comment: Accepted to IEEE ASRU 202