The Researches on Calculating Method of Insurance Premium of Residential Mortgage Loan

As an effective means to stir up residential consumption, residential mortgage loan insurance is developing very quickly in recent years. However, there are still some inevitable risks, how to calculate insurance rate has been a magnitude task for insurance companies. Based on discrimination between residential mortgage loan insurance and other insurances, the thesis analyze insurance structures of United States, we find that insurance institute in USA can often establish its corresponding insurance structure (include insurance payment mode, number of insurance rate, disposal method when pre-payoff) according to clients’ specific circs (such as sum of loan, term of loan, loan to value), so the controlling of risk of regional mortgage loan insurance is become easy, the rights and interests of insurance institute can be well protected. On the contrary, most insurance companies in China adopt single insurance structure, they require all clients must pay insurance by means of once-payoff method, and they will not send back insurance when the client pre-payoff. This method have some problems, on the one hand it is not benefit to controlling risk of insurance business, on the other hand, it is not benefit to exploit market because it cannot make clients to choice appropriate insurance project according to their specific circs. So insurance structure of regional mortgage loan in China will transit from singularity to diversity in the future. It means that insurance payment mode will include 2 types: once-payoff and annual payment; when borrower want to pre-payoff it can be decided into 2 types: insurance sending back and not sending back, so we will have 4 kinds of insurance structures. on the basis of it, we present new insurance structures which suit for china, and then present a new calculating method which can calculate insurance premium in different insurance structures by using expected return equals the expected loss.Key words: Insurance premium structure; Insurance premium calculation; Residential mortgage loanRésumé: C’est un moyen efficace pour attiser la consommation résidentielle, l'assurance prêt hypothécaire résidentielle se développe très rapidement depuis ces dernières années. Cependant, il y a encore quelques risques inévitables, comment calculer le taux d’assurance a été une tâche grandeur pour les compagnies d’assurance. Basé sur la discrimination entre l’assurance prêt hypothécaire résidentiel et d’autres assurances, la thèse d’analyser les structures d’assurance des États-Unis, nous constatons que l’Institut d’assurance aux Etats-Unis peuvent souvent établir sa structure d’assurance correspondant (notamment le mode de paiement d’assurance, le nombre de taux d’assurance méthode d’élimination, lors du pré –gain) selon circs clients spécifiques (comme la somme du prêt, la durée du prêt, prêt à la valeur), de sorte que le contrôle des risques de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire régional est devenu facile, les droits et les intérêts de l’Institut d’assurance peuvent être bien protégé . Au contraire, la plupart des compagnies d’assurance en Chine d’adopter la structure unique des assurances, ils exigent que tous les clients doivent payer l’assurance par le biais d’une fois gain méthode, et ils ne renverra pas d’assurance lorsque le client pré-paiement. Cette méthode a quelques problèmes, d’une part, il n’est pas bénéfique pour la maîtrise des risques des activités d’assurance, d’autre part, il n’est pas bénéficier d’exploiter le marché car il ne peut pas faire aux clients de projet d’assurance choix approprié en fonction de leur circs spécifiques. Par conséquent la structure d’assurance de prêts hypothécaires régionales en Chine transite par la singularité dans la diversité à l’avenir. Cela signifie que le mode de paiement d’assurance comprennent deux types : le paiement une fois gain et annuels, lorsque l’emprunteur souhaitez pré-gain il peut être décidé en 2 types : l’assurance de renvoyer et de ne pas renvoyer, alors nous aurons quatre types de structures d’assurance . Sur la base de celui-ci, nous présentons les structures d’assurance nouvelle qui conviennent pour la Chine, et ensuite présenter une nouvelle méthode de calcul qui permet de calculer la prime d’assurance dans les structures d’assurance différents en utilisant le rendement attendu est égal à la perte attendue.Mots clés: La Structure des primes d'assurance; Le calcul des primes d'assurance; Prêts hypothécaires résidentiel

A Biomechanical Analysis of the Interlock Suture and a Modified Kessler-Loop Lock Flexor Tendon Suture

OBJECTIVE: In this work, we attempted to develop a modified single-knot Kessler-loop lock suture technique and compare the biomechanical properties associated with this single-knot suture technique with those associated with the conventional modified Kessler and interlock suture techniques. METHODS: In this experiment, a total of 18 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were harvested and randomly divided into three groups. The tendons were transected and then repaired using three different techniques, including modified Kessler suture with peritendinous suture, interlock suture with peritendinous suture, and modified Kessler-loop lock suture with peritendinous suture. Times required for suturing were recorded and compared among groups. The groups were also compared with respect to 2-mm gap load, ultimate failure load, and gap at failure. RESULTS: For tendon repair, compared with the conventional modified Kessler suture technique, the interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock suture techniques resulted in significantly improved biomechanical properties. However, there were no significant differences between the interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock techniques with respect to biomechanical properties, gap at failure, and time required. CONCLUSIONS: The interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock techniques for flexor tendon sutures produce similar mechanical characteristics in vitro

A Modified Flexor Tendon Suture Technique Combining Kessler and Loop Lock Flexor Tendon Sutures

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, a novel single knot tenorrhaphy was developed by combining the modified Kessler flexor tendon suture (MK) with the loop lock technique. METHODS: A total of 48 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were collected and randomly divided into six groups. The tendons were transversely cut and then repaired using six different techniques, the MK method, double knot Kessler-loop lock flexor tendon suture (DK), and single knot Kessler-loop lock flexor tendon suture (SK), each in combination with the epitendinous suture (P), and the same three techniques without P. Furthermore, by performing the load-to-failure tests, the biomechanical properties and the time taken to complete a repair, for each tenorrhaphy, were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the MK+P method, DK+P was more improved, thereby enhancing the ultimate tensile strength. The SK+P method, which required fewer knots than DK+P, was easier to perform. Moreover, the SK+P repair increased the force at a 2-mm gap formation, while requiring lesser knots than DK+P. CONCLUSION: As opposed to the traditional MK+P method, the SK+P method was improved and exhibited better biomechanical properties, which may facilitate early mobilization after the repair

A Biomechanical Analysis of the Interlock Suture and a Modified Kessler-Loop Lock Flexor Tendon Suture

OBJECTIVE: In this work, we attempted to develop a modified single-knot Kessler-loop lock suture technique and compare the biomechanical properties associated with this single-knot suture technique with those associated with the conventional modified Kessler and interlock suture techniques. METHODS: In this experiment, a total of 18 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were harvested and randomly divided into three groups. The tendons were transected and then repaired using three different techniques, including modified Kessler suture with peritendinous suture, interlock suture with peritendinous suture, and modified Kessler-loop lock suture with peritendinous suture. Times required for suturing were recorded and compared among groups. The groups were also compared with respect to 2-mm gap load, ultimate failure load, and gap at failure. RESULTS: For tendon repair, compared with the conventional modified Kessler suture technique, the interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock suture techniques resulted in significantly improved biomechanical properties. However, there were no significant differences between the interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock techniques with respect to biomechanical properties, gap at failure, and time required. CONCLUSIONS: The interlock and modified Kessler-loop lock techniques for flexor tendon sutures produce similar mechanical characteristics in vitro

Spiral spin-liquid on a honeycomb lattice

Spiral spin-liquids are correlated paramagnetic states with degenerate propagation vectors forming a continuous ring or surface in reciprocal space. On the honeycomb lattice, spiral spin-liquids present a novel route to realize emergent fracton excitations, quantum spin liquids, and topological spin textures, yet experimental realizations remain elusive. Here, using neutron scattering, we show that a spiral spin-liquid is realized in the van der Waals honeycomb magnet FeCl$_3$. A continuous ring of scattering is directly observed, which indicates the emergence of an approximate U(1) symmetry in momentum space. Our work demonstrates that spiral spin-liquids can be achieved in two-dimensional systems and provides a promising platform to study the fracton physics in spiral spin-liquids.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figure

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present