142 research outputs found
Groundwater chemistry and the Gibbs Diagram
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
This author accepted manuscript is made available following 24 month embargo from date of publication (August 2018) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policyThe ‘Gibbs Diagram’ represents some of the key processes controlling surface water chemistry. This review highlights that the processes listed on the Gibbs Diagram may not be applicable for assessing processes controlling groundwater chemistry. We discuss the importance of geochemical processes governing groundwater chemistry in the Gibbs Diagram framework. We show that the processes represented on the Gibbs Diagram—originally developed for surface waters—are unlikely to represent key processes controlling the chemistry of most groundwater systems
Using geological and geochemical information to estimate the potential distribution of trace elements in Scottish groundwater
There are currently few reliable data available for the concentrations of trace elements in
Scottish groundwaters. A new project Baseline Scotland, jointly funded by the British
Geological Survey (BGS) and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), seeks to
improve the data availability and general understanding of the chemistry of Scotland’s
groundwater. However, this is a major undertaking and these new data will take several years
to collect and interpret across the whole of Scotland.
In the interim, SEPA have asked BGS to use their existing knowledge and data to give a
rough estimate of where certain elements are more likely to be elevated in groundwater. This
information will be used to help focus future monitoring and give background for Baseline
Scotland. Predicting trace element concentrations is difficult, in part due to lack of
knowledge on the distribution of mineral phases, the reactivity of different minerals and the
geochemical environment, particularly the redox status.
This report scopes the potential scale of naturally elevated trace elements in Scottish
groundwater, in particular those elements that are potentially harmful to health: e.g.
aluminium, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, nickel, uranium and zinc.
The problems and limitations of prediction are discussed in the report and this work does not
replace a proper assessment based on actual chemical analyses of groundwater.
The method uses information on the geochemistry of the Scottish environment derived from
the most comprehensive geochemical data set for Scotland, the BGS Geochemical Baseline
Survey of the Environment (G-BASE), combined with the limited data available on the
chemistry of Scottish groundwaters. The conditions under which each of the elements can
become elevated in groundwater are discussed and the geological and geochemical
information interpreted to produce a series of maps highlighting areas where each trace
element may be elevated in groundwater relative to the Scottish average.
The maps are based primarily on the 1:625 000 scale bedrock geology map of Scotland. In
order to make the scheme and the maps simple and manageable, we have used the same
numbers to describe the individual rock units (1 to 114) that are usedd on the Geological map
of the UK (Solid Geology): North sheet. Some rock units have been subdivided, and other
small areas highlighted where additional information is known, either from G-BASE or
previous studies.
After assessing the results of the exercise the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The study has provided a useful summary of geochemical information for trace
elements in Scotland, and detail the conditions in which these elements may become
elevated in groundwater. This provides essential background to the Baseline Scotland
project, which aims to improve the availability of groundwater chemistry data and the
general understanding of the chemistry of Scotland’s groundwater.
2. The predictions can be used as a first pass to help focus and prioritise additional
monitoring and for helping to interpret groundwater chemistry data from different
areas. The predictions are only preliminary and will be modified in the future by
detailed groundwater sampling and interpretation.
There are several caveats:
• For all of the trace elements considered, the lack of available groundwater chemistry
data with detailed analysis of trace elements, and their restricted spatial distribution, means that it is not possible to rigorously test whether the groundwater quality
predictions are accurate or not.
• More groundwater chemistry data are available for three elements, barium, manganese
and zinc, allowing a rudimentary test of the predictive maps. For barium the
prediction appears to work well, but there is poor correlation for zinc. For manganese,
some correlation is evident, but the complexity and variability of local conditions are
such that much variation is observed.
• This approach, using broad, national scale geological and environmental data, cannot
account for the complexity of the controls on groundwater chemistry: i.e. the
heterogeneous nature of the Scottish environment, not least the aquifer mineralogy and
glacial history, and the complex behaviour of trace elements in groundwater,
determined by aspects such as flow pathways, residence times, and the geochemical
environment (for example, oxidising/reducing or acidic/alkaline conditions).
In summary, this approach appears to be a useful first step in trying to estimate the likely
distribution of trace elements in Scottish groundwater, in the absence of much reliable
groundwater quality data. However, only by systematically collecting reliable groundwater
chemistry data, across different aquifers and regions and from different depths, can the
variation in trace elements in groundwater across Scotland be understood. Careful modelling
and interpretation of these new data in the context of the geology and environmental
conditions will help make future predictions of groundwater quality more reliable and provide
reference information for the Water Framework Directive
Investigation of a Magnet Falling Through a Copper Pipe
The goal of this research is to explore the effects of wall thickness and temperature on the rate at which a magnet falls through a copper pipe. A magnet is not attracted to copper. Copper is not magnetic; however, it is a great conductor of electricity. Due to Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law, we know that a changing magnetic flux will produce an electric current that opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. These laws together explain why a magnet will fall slowly in a copper pipe even though it is not attracted
A Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Long-Term Intervention on Social and Emotional Learning in Compulsory School
There is growing evidence that social and emotional skills can be taught to students in school and teaching these skills can have a positive effect on later outcomes, such as better mental health and less drug use. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of a longitudinal social and emotional learning intervention in Sweden, using data for 663 students participating in the evaluation. Intervention costs are compared against treatment impact on self-reported drug use. Pre-test and post-test data are available. Since follow-up data for the participants´ drug use as adults is not available, informed projections have been made. Net present monetary values are calculated for the general public and society. The results show that students in the treatment group report decreasing use of drugs over the five year long intervention, the value of which easily outweighs the intervention costs
Laser induced fluorescence characterization of ions emitted from hollow cathodes
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76900/1/AIAA-1999-2862-539.pd
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of CoMoFeAl and related compounds
We have carried out joint theoretical and experimental investigations of three Heusler compounds CoMoFeAl, CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al, and Co1.5Mo0.5FeAl. Our first-principle calculations show that all three compounds show either ferro- or ferrimagnetic order with CoMoFeAl and CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al exhibiting high spin polarization of almost 80%. The investigated samples were prepared using arc melting and high vacuum annealing. All the samples show cubic crystal structure with disorder. The parent compound CoMoFeAl shows a small saturation magnetization of 12 emu/g, and a Curie temperature of 440 K. The other two compounds, namely, Co1.5Mo0.5FeAl and CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al, show much higher saturation magnetizations of 62 emu/g and 59 emu/g, and substantially higher Curie temperatures of 950 K and 780 K, respectively
Observation of Low Energy Raman Modes in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
Two new Raman modes below 100 cm^-1 are observed in twisted bilayer graphene
grown by chemical vapor deposition. The two modes are observed in a small range
of twisting angle at which the intensity of the G Raman peak is strongly
enhanced, indicating that these low energy modes and the G Raman mode share the
same resonance enhancement mechanism, as a function of twisting angle. The 94
cm^-1 mode (measured with a 532 nm laser excitation) is assigned to the
fundamental layer breathing vibration (ZO (prime) mode) mediated by the twisted
bilayer graphene lattice, which lacks long-range translational symmetry. The
dependence of this modes frequency and linewidth on the rotational angle can be
explained by the double resonance Raman process which is different from the
previously-identified Raman processes activated by twisted bilayer graphene
superlattice. The dependence also reveals the strong impact of electronic-band
overlaps of the two graphene layers. Another new mode at 52 cm^-1, not observed
previously in the bilayer graphene system, is tentatively attributed to a
torsion mode in which the bottom and top graphene layers rotate out-of-phase in
the plane.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 14 supp. figures (accepted by Nano Lett
Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of CoFeVGe-based compounds: Experiment and theory
We have carried out a combined theoretical and experimental investigation of both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric CoFeVGe alloys. In particular, we have investigated CoFeVGe, Co1.25Fe0.75VGe, Co0.75Fe1.25VGe, and CoFe0.75VGe bulk alloys. Our first principles calculations suggest that all four alloys show ferromagnetic order, where CoFeVGe, Co1.25Fe0.75VGe, and Co0.75Fe1.25VGe are highly spin polarized with spin polarization values of over 80%. However, the spin polarization value of CoFe0.75VGe is only about 60%. We have synthesized all four samples using arc melting and high-vacuum annealing at 600 °C for 48 hours. The room temperature x-ray diffraction of these samples exhibits a cubic crystal structure with disorder. All the samples show single magnetic transitions at their Curie temperatures, where the Curie temperature and high field (3T) magnetization are 288 K and 42 emu/g; 305 K and 1.5 emu/g; 238 K and 39 emu/g; and 306 K and 35 emu/g for CoFeVGe, Co1.25Fe0.75VGe, Co0.75Fe1.25VGe, and CoFe0.75VGe, respectively
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