1,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-aminium chloride–thio­urea (1/1)

In the title compound, C11H14N3O+·Cl−·CH4N2S, the components are connected into a two-dimensional polymeric structure parallel to (001) via N—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole rings is 44.96 (7)°

Firm Level Determinants of Entrepreneurial Success

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to determine those factors which contribute to achieve the success at firm level. Methodology: Questionnaire technique is used to determine the performance of the firms. A structured questionnaire is employed to collect data and test the model through snow ball sampling method. Findings: The results of chi-square in all four performance dimensions suggested that these dimensions have strong impact on the performance of the firm's. Limitations and Implications: The research was conducted in particular geographical area. The findings will help managers to put more focus on the mentioned four dimensions and their related variables like innovation, technology, structure, risk, resources, investment plan etc which affect these dimensions. Findings also tell the managers about the factors which are the true determinants of entrepreneurial success at firm level. The fore most limitation of this research is that the sample was collected from the population of Bahawalpur which has limited successful firms. This research may miss some of the key factors because of limited time available to researchers. Value: This study shows that firm's owners and managers should more focus more on firm level determinants like innovation, strategy, technology, structure etc which help to made firm successful. Keywords: entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, E-V-R Congruenc

Clinical course and outcome of acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus) in adults.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical course and outcomes in patients with acute severe asthma in a tertiary care setting. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of patients of age 16 and above who were admitted with a diagnosis of acute severe asthma from January 2000 to December 2013.These patients had undergone clinical evaluation to assess the severity of illness as well as the complications and eventual outcomes. SPSS 16 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 50 patients in the study, 41 (82%) were females. The overall mean age was 53.1±20.3 years. Ventilator support was required by 37(74%) patients. Presence of acidaemia was associated with the need for invasive ventilation (p\u3c0.033) which in turn was associated with increased hospital stay (p\u3c0.043). Complications were observed in 37(74%) patients, the most common being respiratory failure in 35(70%) and arrhythmias in 8(16%). Use of both non-invasive and invasive ventilation was found to be significantly associated with development of complications (p\u3c0.001and p\u3c0.009). A total of 4(8%) patients died. Presence of acidaemia was found to be significantly associated with mortality (p\u3c0.032). Conclusion: Overt acidaemia at initial presentation in patients with acute severe asthma was significantly associated with higher rates of invasive ventilation leading to increased hospital stay, complications and higher mortality rate

Measuring Perceived Service Quality of State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan: A Case Study

This study investigates the impact of perceived service quality of State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan (SLICP) on customer satisfaction. This research of service quality considering State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan (SLICP) is confined to the geographical territories of Bahawalpur Tehsil only. The data were gathered from the sample size of 384 customers, which was calculated by using the sample size table (Krejcie& Morgan, 1970) and sample size calculator (Del Siegle, 2000). The questionnaire is adopted from previously conducted studies by Tsoukatos & Rand (2006), and Siddiqui & Sharma (2010). Multi Co-linearity, Cronbach’s alpha, Correlation Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test techniques were used to analyze the data. Service quality dimensions are being treated as factors affecting customers’ perception towards State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan. This would certainly help the service managers to focus on service quality at individual level of dimensions

Ethyl (3E)-3-[2-(4-bromo­phenyl­sulfon­yl)hydrazin-1-yl­idene]butano­ate

The asymmetric unit of title compound, C12H15BrN2O4S, contains two mol­ecules (A and B), with slightly different conformations: the bromo­phenyl rings and the SO2 planes of the sulfonyl groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 50.2 (2) (mol­ecule A) and 58.24 (7)° (mol­ecule B), and the ethyl acetate groups make dihedral angles of 63.99 (19)° (A) and 65.35 (16)° (B) with their bromo­phenyl groups. In the crystal, both mol­ecules exist as inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 2(14) loops. The dimers are linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions

2-[(2-Amino­phen­yl)sulfan­yl]-N-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)acetamide

In the title compound, C15H16N2O2S, the dihedral angle between the 4-meth­oxy­aniline and 2-amino­benzene­thiole fragments is 35.60 (9)°. A short intra­molecular N—H⋯S contact leads to an S(5) ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are consolidated in the form of polymeric chains along [010] as a result of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R 3 2(18) and R 4 3(22) loops. The polymeric chains are interlinked through C—H⋯O inter­action and complete R 2 2(8) ring motifs

Template operative note: A better documentation

Operative notes are a valuable part of patient\u27s medical record, and carry the medico-legal significance. One way of improving it is to introduce the template form operative notes. Only few studies have been done worldwide to compare both the forms of operative notes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of General Surgery, AKUH. This included the patients who underwent Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Complying with inclusion criteria) from August 2013 till March 2014. Out of 24 patients, 19 were females. The completeness of data in template group was significantly better than traditional group (79.2% vs. 8.3%). There was no significant difference among the residents of different level (writing the notes) and the completeness of data in both the groups. Similarly the timing of day did not affect significantly on the completeness

Fistulotomy versus fistulectomy for simple fistula in ano: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To compare fistulotomy with fistulectomy for wound healing, duration of surgery, post-operative pain, incontinence and recurrence in patients with fistula in ano. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of adults who had undergone fistulotomy/fistulectomy for simple fistula in ano from January 2007 to August 2012. Data collection was done in August 2013 using questionnaire and telephonic interviews. Outcome variables like duration of wound healing, recurrence, incontinence, duration of surgery and post-operative pain were compared in both the groups. SPSS 19 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 192 cases, there were 96(50%) in each group. The mean age was 40.51 years (range: 21-72 years) in the fistulotomy group and 41.14 years (range: 21-66 years) in the fistulectomy group (p=0.66). Both groups were comparable for baseline demographic variables. The median duration of wound healing was shorter in the fistulotomy group 15 days (Interquartile range: 7-20 days) compared to the fistulectomy group 30 days (Interquartile range: 15-42 days) (p\u3c0.001). The incidence of recurrence was comparable in fistulotomy vs. fistulectomy (3[3.12%] vs. 4[4.16%]; p=0.70). The incidence of incontinence was higher in fistulotomy compared to fistulectomy (5[5.3%] vs. 12[12.5%]; p=0.07). The severity of incontinence was also compared but the difference was insignificant (p=0.06). The median duration of surgery was significantly shorter in fistulotomy group 17 minutes (Interquartile range: 12-25 minutes) compared to fistulectomy group 25 minutes Interquartile range: 20-35 minutes (p\u3c0.001). The median post-operative pain in the surgical day care unit and at the first follow-up in clinic was zero for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Fistulotomy yielded better results than fistulectomy since it significantly decreased the duration of wound healing and duration of surgery without increasing the incidence of recurrence, incontinence and post-operative pain

N-{4-[(5-Methyl­isoxazol-3-yl)sulfamo­yl]phen­yl}benzamide

In the title compound, C17H15N3O4S, the five-membered isoxazole ring makes dihedral angles of 80.5 (2) and 81.3 (2)° with the two benzene rings, which form a dihedral angle of 39.81 (18)° with each other. A short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contact occurs. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate [001] chains, and further consolidated by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions

Effect of Permeation Enhancers on the Release Behavior and Permeation Kinetics of Novel Tramadol Lotions

Purpose: The aim of this research work was to formulate, characterize and evaluate the in vitro permeation behavior of tramadol lotion containing propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as permeation enhancers.Methods: The permeation experiments were conducted in vitro using full thickness rabbit skin in Franz diffusion cells. The donor compartment was filled with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) at pH 7.4 ± 0.1. The receptor phase was continuously stirred PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 °C ± 0.5. The amount of tramadol permeated into the receptor phase was determined spectrophotometrically at 271 nm. Various permeation parameters such as permeation coefficient (Kp), diffusion coefficient (D), flux (J), input rate,and enhancement ratio were obtained using Fick’s diffusion laws.Results: Permeation increased with increase in the concentrations of both enhancers tested. Maximum cumulative amount permeated for control lotion (Lc) was 357 ìg/cm2/min with input rate 0.574 ìg/min and lag time (tlag) of 34.93 min, while for the optimum test lotion (L4, containing 8 % PG/PEG in ratio of 1:1 v/v), it was 926 ìg/cm2/min, 1.482 ìg/min and 58.36 min, respectively. The significantly (p < 0.05) higher permeability shown by the test lotion L4 can be attributed, in part, to the interaction of PG withintercellular lipids leading to the disruption of their organization and increasing their fluidity, and also partly as a result of solubilization of lipid bilayers by PEG.Conclusion: A binary system of PG and PEG in lotion can be successfully utilized for the permeation enhancement of tramadol.Keyword: Tramadol, Transdermal delivery, Permeation, Propylene glycol, Polyethylene glycol, Rabbit skin