Enhanced dynamic source routing for verifying trust in mobile ad hoc network for secure routing

Secure data transfer in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) against malicious attacks is of immense importance. In this paper, we propose a new enhanced trust model for securing the MANET using trust-based scheme that uses both blind trust and referential trust. In order to do this, the trust relationship function has to be integrated with the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol for making the protocol more secure. We thoroughly analyze the DSR protocol and generate the performance matrices for the data pertaining to packets sent, packets received, packets loss, and throughput. We also analyze the outcome attained from the improvised trust establishment scheme by using the three algorithm implementations in NS2 simulator for detecting and preventing various types of attacks

Czy globalizacja sprzyja rozwojowi energii odnawialnej? Globalna makro-perspektywa

The contemporary world has become increasingly interdependent in terms of economic, social and political development. These various forms of interdependence, usually termed globalization, help disseminate ideas, information, products, and services around the world. Increase in globalization has also increased path-dependence, affecting economic, social, and institutional development and completing some industries, products and technologies to grow in line with the global demand and changing standards.  While the role of globalization in economic growth, technology transfer and institutional development is established in literature, the role of globalization in reversing environmental deterioration is not explored yet. The current study looks at how globalization has affected renewable energy use in high, upper middle and lower middle income countries. The empirical results based on a fixed effects model show that countries differ in terms of taking advantage of different types of globalization, i.e., economic, social and political, while transitioning towards renewable energy (RE) projects. Economic globalization has a positive influence on RE usage in the case of high and lower middle income countries, Social globalization in case of high and upper middle income countries. Contrary to the positive impacts of economic and social globalization, political globalization has a negative impact on RE usage in the case of high income countries. In addition to globalization, the effect of government effectiveness, GDP per capita and CO2 vary across the groups of countries.Współczesny świat staje się coraz bardziej współzależny pod względem rozwoju gospodarczego, społecznego i politycznego. Te różne formy współzależności, zwykle nazywane globalizacją, pomagają rozpowszechniać idee, informacje, produkty i usługi na całym świecie. Wzrost globalizacji zwiększył również inne współzależności, wpływając na rozwój gospodarczy, społeczny i instytucjonalny oraz ukończenie niektórych gałęzi przemysłu, produktów i technologii, tak aby rozwijały się zgodnie z globalnym popytem i zmieniającymi się standardami. Chociaż rola globalizacji we wzroście gospodarczym, transferze technologii i rozwoju instytucjonalnym jest ustalona w literaturze, rola globalizacji w odwracaniu degradacji środowiska nie jest jeszcze zbadana. Obecne badanie dotyczy wpływu globalizacji na wykorzystanie energii odnawialnej w krajach o wysokim, średnim i niskim średnim dochodzie. Wyniki empiryczne oparte na modelu efektów stałych pokazują, że kraje różnią się pod względem wykorzystania różnych rodzajów globalizacji, tj. gospodarczej, społecznej i politycznej, podczas przechodzenia na projekty związane z energią odnawialną (OZE). Globalizacja gospodarcza ma pozytywny wpływ na wykorzystanie OZE w przypadku krajów o wysokim i niskim średnim dochodzie, Globalizacja społeczna w przypadku krajów o wysokim i wyższym średnim dochodzie. W przeciwieństwie do pozytywnych skutków globalizacji gospodarczej i społecznej, globalizacja polityczna ma negatywny wpływ na wykorzystanie OZE w przypadku krajów o wysokich dochodach. Oprócz globalizacji wpływ skuteczności rządów, PKB na mieszkańca i CO2 jest różny w poszczególnych grupach krajów

Extra-renal Wilms’ Tumor in a child: A Case Report

 Wilms’ tumor is one of the most common abdominal tumor of childhood, primarily a malignant renal tumor.  Extrarenal wilms’ tumor, however, is a rare disease, more commonly reported in Indian subcontinent. The locations of an extrarenal wilms’ tumor include retroperitoneum, uterus, skin and thorax

Precise Computation of Energy Levels and Radiative Lifetimes in the s, p, d, and f Sequence of Hydrogen Isotope, with Natural Line Widths

Energy levels and Radiative lifetimes in Deuterium for the following: ns 2S1/2(n≥2), np2Po(1/2,3/2)(n≥2), nd 2D(3/2,5/2)(n≥3), and nf 2Fo(5/2,7/2)(n≥4) sequence have been  evaluated with uncertainties in energies caused due to uncertainty principal. Theoretical calculations performed utilizing the Weakest Bound Electron Potential Model Theory (WBEPMT). Both sets of data show quite an excellent agreement with the experimental data listed at NIST.  This theoretical computation is also a continuation of the work by Raza. S. et al. in Neutral Hydrogen. The high ‘n’ (principal quantum number) values for both sets  of data are presented very first time by utilizing WBEPMT. Keywords: Energy levels, Radiative lifetimes, Quantum defects, Weakest bound electron, Natural line width. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/9-10-07 Publication date:May 31st 201

Counter electrode materials based on carbon nanotubes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness are the prime challenges in research of materials for solar cells. Technologically as well as scientifically, attention gained by dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) stems from their low material and fabrication costs as well as high efficiency projections. The aim of this study is to explore the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based counter electrode (CE) materials for DSSCs and to reconnoiter the suitable alternative materials in place of noble metals such as Platinum (Pt), and Gold (Au).. Various classes of CE materials based on CNTs including pure single walled, double walled, and multiwalled CNTs, doped CNTs and their hybrid composites with various polymers, and transition metal compounds are discussed comprehensively in light of the research work started since the inspection of DSSCs and CNTs.The properties associated with such materials, including surface morphology, structural determination, thermal stability, and electrochemical activity, are also thoroughly analyzed and compared. This work provides a thorough insight into the possibility of exploiting CNTs as alternative CE materials. In addition to the above, this study also includes the working and brief overview of materials for other components of DSSCs such as photoanode, electrolyte, and sensitizer.

Modeling Off-line Routing and Spectrum Allocation Problem in Elastic Optical Network

The swift escalation in internet traffic due to diverse bandwidth starving applications and innovative concepts of modern technologies such as Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) and Software-defined networking (SDN) demands a dynamic and flexible optical network architecture both at the control and data plane. Characteristically, the flexibility in EONs is achieved by the emerging SDN-enabled sliceable bandwidth variable transponders (SBVTs) that support multiple optical carriers' simultaneous generation. These generated multiple optical carriers can operate different lightpaths using slice-ability or combined into a single high-rate super-channel. In this perspective, one of the major issues in EON is Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA). Typically, in EON, RSA is a spectrum management and Nondeterministic Polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard) problem in which network resources mainly bank on the applied ordering strategy. This article proposed a novel heuristic algorithm, Minimum Hops with Least Slot Spectrum (MHLS), to accommodate maximum traffic requests with better spectrum utilization. The proposed algorithm aims to minimize block requests, block traffic, and the total number of spectrum slots used in the network. The MHLS exploits Dijkstra-shortest-path and SDN-enabled SBVTs for RSA problem. The performance evaluation of MHLS is accomplished on the entire USA network

Routing and Spectrum Allocation Heuristic for Sliced Elastic Optical Network System

We proposed a heuristic algorithm, Minimum Hops with Least Slots spectrum (MHLS), to solve the Routing and spectrum assignment problem in elastic optical networks. The proposed MHLS is implemented in conjunction with the transponder supporting slice-ability

Prevalence of Psychological Problems among Survivors of the Earthquake in Northern Areas of Pakistan

ABSTRACT The purpose of present study is to investigate the prevalence of psychological problems in the earthquake victims in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The sample of the present study consist of 200 earth quake victims (Mean age = 36.20; SD=16.78

An analysis of pattern and burden of patients Referred for nerve conduction study in a Tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Background: To analyze the trend and load of neurological diseases in a university medical center for reffered electrophysiology. Methodology: From January 2016 to December 2018, this retrospective study was carried out in department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad. A total of 4527 patients were evaluated during this time period in neurophysiology lab through computerized data

A crisis within a crisis: Role of COVID-19 pandemic in poor compliance of Community-based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition among children younger than five years in Pakistan

IntroductionIn order to attain Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-II) of eradicating malnutrition among children by 2030, Pakistan has initiated a Community-based Management of Severely Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) program. This program has been established at the public level to detect and treat uncomplicated Severely Acute Malnourished (SAM) children at an early stage. However, during the outbreak of COVID-19, very poor compliance with the CMAM program was observed. Consequently, the nutritional quality of children’s diets has deteriorated, with malnutrition rates expected to rise. Therefore, this study has been set up to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the health of SAM children and compliance with the CMAM program.MethodologyThis study used a multicenter cross-sectional design in District Dera Ghazi Khan’s rural areas located in the Southern Province of Punjab. Data were collected from the parents/guardians of SAM children through the researcher-administrated questionnaire. The sample size was 196, and data were analyzed through SPSS version 25.ResultsThe majority of the children enrolled were males (52.5%), had fathers aged between 41 and 50 years (52.0%), mothers aged between 21 and 30 years (52.5%), had illiterate fathers (40.1%), illiterate mothers (73.8%) and had a monthly household income of PKR <15,000 (91.1%). All of the respondents mentioned that COVID-19 affected them in one way or the other (100.0%), with a majority of them did not visit the hospital during COVID-19 for their SAM child (52.5%) as they were afraid of COVID-19 (63.2%) and/or they lacked access to transport for visiting a hospital (93.4%). Bivariate analysis revealed that the father’s age (P = 0.02) and income (P = 0.00) is associated with the perceived effect of COVID-19 on income. In contrast, only the gender of the child (P = 0.00) is related to the visit to the hospital, and the gender of the child (P = 0.01) and mother’s literacy (P = 0.00) is associated with the choice of treatment from any other setup, including Hakeem and Peer.ConclusionThis study concludes that health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic pose a significant barrier to access to healthcare services and subject a more vulnerable state to already vulnerable groups like SAM children. To lessen their vulnerability, initiatives like mobile health care services should be introduced, especially for socially disadvantaged communities, localities, and groups on regular basis and for future emergencies