Morphometry of the adult human dry hip bone in Kashmiri population

Background: The distinctive morphology of the human hip bone makes it of interest from anatomical, anthropological and forensic point of view. Thus, by using visual criteria, metric techniques and discriminant function analysis we can estimate the age, sex and race of an individual. Objective was to do the morphometry of 60 dry human hip bones in Kashmiri population in order to evaluate the various parameters of the hip bone.Methods: The study was done on 60 randomly collected Kashmiri adult unpaired hip bones of unknown sex to analyse and evaluate the weight, length, width and the Coxal index of hip bone. All the hip bones selected were dry, complete and showed normal anatomical features. Specimens showing osteoarthritic changes, evidence of any previous trauma or skeletal disorders was excluded from the study.Results: The raw data obtained was statistically analysed. Range, mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean were determined for each parameter. All values were compared with series of other workers to draw the conclusions.Conclusions: From this study, it was concluded that right hip bone has larger parameters and greater strength of skeletal elements. The difference seen between the values of present study and that of other workers could be explained on the basis of ethnic and racial variations.

SGCD Homozygous Nonsense Mutation (p.Arg97∗) Causing Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2F (LGMD2F) in a Consanguineous Family, a Case Report

Background: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is an increasingly heterogeneous category of inherited muscle diseases, mainly affecting the muscles of shoulder areas and the hip, segregating in both autosomal recessive and dominant manner. To-date, thirty-one loci have been identified for LGMD including seven autosomal dominant (LGMD type 1) and twenty four autosomal recessive (LGMD type 2) inherited loci.Methodology/Laboratory Examination: The present report describes a consanguineous family segregating LGMD2F in an autosomal recessive pattern. The affected individual is an 11-year-old boy having two brothers and a sister. Direct targeted next generation sequencing was performed for the single affected individual (VI-1) followed by Sanger sequencing.Results: Targeted next generation sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (c.289C>T; p.Arg97∗) in the exon 3 of the delta-sarcoglycan (SGCD) gene, that introduces a premature stop codon (TCA), resulting in a nonsense mediated decay or a truncated protein product.Discussion and Conclusion: This is the first report of LGMD2F caused by an SGCD variant in a Pakistani population. The mutation identified in the present investigation extends the body of evidence implicating the gene SGCD in causing LGMD2F and might help in genetic counseling, which is more important to deliver the risk of carrier or affected in the future pregnancies

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

اکیسویں صدی کے چیلنجزاور اردوزبان وادب کے امکانات۔مباحث

Literature is very important in our life. It directly belongs to our culture and social activities of our life. Now-a-days Urdu becomes the third language in the world. Supreme court of the country has ordered to adopt Urdu as official language in place of English. There is a need to take steps for the promotion of the Urdu as a country language which enables to accept the new challenges of the world

Study on clinical evaluation and management of ectopic pregnancy

Background: After an ectopic pregnancy has been confirmed, treatment options include medical, surgical, or expectant management. For patients who are medically unstable or experiencing life-threatening haemorrhage, a surgical approach is indicated. Aims: To study the clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment modalities of ectopic pregnancy. Materials and methods: This prospective open labelled study carried out among patients attending to Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in which 50 cases of diagnosed ectopic pregnancies were analysed over a period of 1 1⁄2 year. Results: Ectopic pregnancies are most common in women between the ages of 26 -30. Multiparous women have the highest rate of ectopic pregnancies. H/o tubal procedures (tubal ligation) have the highest prevalence. The majority of patients are with a missing period, lower abdomen pain, and vaginal bleeding. In this study, the ampullary component was the most common site of tubal ectopic in 54 percent of cases, the isthmic part in 38 percent, and the fimbrial region was implicated in 8%. In two cases, medical therapy with a single dose regimen failed, whereas in three cases, medical treatment with a multidose regimen failed. Laparotomy is commonly done because most of the patients come in acute condition.&nbsp

Drug Money and Economy: A Case of Islamic Republic of Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is distinguished as it occupies the third place in terms of area and fifth in the proportion of population density that contains 64% of young people under 29 years of age where ages range between 15 to 29 years. Moreover, Pakistan ranks high for developing economies in South Asia, based on international economic reports (World Economic Outlook, 2019). Depending on this young labor, their economy is expected to thrive and grow. Pakistan, like other countries in the region, faces major challenges in the area of organized crime of promoting and using drugs. Which means there is an imminent danger to all economic plans that the state would like to preserve for the sake of economic prosperity, technological development and preservation of the most important segment of society, the youth category

CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFICACY OF ULTRAFAST LASER PULSES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

For the fabrication of three dimensional cell scaffolds, femtosecond laser irradiation at 800nm was used for biomedical applications. The femtosecond laser system was also used to fabricate a bricks and mortar structure in keratin flms to investigate skin structures for different cream absorption. The laser characterised here is Spectra Physics, Hurricane X. This is a complex laser system consisting of a seed laser and a regenerative amplifer. It is important to have knowledge of these characteristics to be able to predict the transport of the beam through various optical elements and also to analyse the subsequent interaction with materials. The whole optical intensity profle in two dimensional space of a laser beam i.e. across the beam radius and its detailed shape has been measured and it has been demonstrated that Ti: sapphire laser system has the ability to fabricate three dimensional structures for biomedical applications. Tissue scaffolds have been prepared with different pore sizes suitable for application in different living tissues. Polymerisation based on a direct write system to build up solid polymeric material for the fabrication of three dimensional cell scaffolds can be achieved. By tailoring the optical system and making use of a relatively weak absorption cross-section we have been able to manufacture deep structures in a single pass of the laser light

TWO-PHOTON FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION CROSS-SECTIONS OF PHOTOSENSITIZER THIOXANTHONE TO FABRICATE CELL SCAFFOLD FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

This study investigates the fluorescence emission profle of Thioxanthone in Ethanol due to two photon absorption excitation. Thioxanthone was investigated as Photosensitizer to fabricate cell scaffold in Ethoxylated Bis Phenol A Dimethacrylate for tissue repair in the feld of biomedical. Also Incident Laser Power Effects were analyzed and found that the Fluorescence Intensity increases with increasing Incident Laser Power, Io, and the emitted fluorescence obeys the square-law dependences. Also when the Photo-Sensitizer was excited at different wavelengths (800nm, 400nm), it was found that Fluorescence Emission Profle did not change but variations occurred only in Fluorescence Emission Intensity