The Genetic Relationship between Three Trichoderma Species and Inhibitory Effects of T. Harzianum (Rifai) On Ganoderma Boninense

Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with abundant reports on its success as biological control agents of a variety of plant pathogens. Antagonistic assessment by dual culture technique showed that 18 out of 48 selected T. harzianum isolates successfully inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen Ganoderma boninense (isolate: PER71) at 47.86 to 72.06% with the strongest inhibitor exhibited by strain FA30. Eight samples produced effective volatile antifungal compounds which suppressed the growth of PER71 at 24.528 to 58.70 % over 6 days. When the 10 samples were assayed for the production of non-volatile antifungal compounds, whereby showed the inhibitory effects of 18.35 to 40.16% over 6 days. Strain FA30 was the best inhibitor isolate not only by dual culture inhibition technique, but was also the best producer of volatile and non-voltile inhibitor compounds, at 58.70 and 40.16% respectively. The identifications of species of Trichoderma worldwide are currently deduced from micro-morphological descriptions which is tedious and prone to error. This study undertook a molecular approach, using isozyme electrophoresis, random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) analysis and gene sequence of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA of selected Trichoderma isolates. Electrophoretic variation of nine isozyme systems of 47 isolates from 3 species of Trichoderma namely, T. harzianum, T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum were studied. The UPGMA cluster analysis of the isozyme data showed the putatively identified T. harzianum to be distinctly separated from the outgroup sample of T. longibrachiatum, whereas T. aureoviride showed a closer genetic relationship to the T. harzianum populations. No distinct conclusion could be drawn from the dendrogram as the level of separation between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride and may not necessarily indicate a difference at the species level. A second molecular approach used was to extract DNA and characterise the sample for their Random Amplified Microsatelite DNA (RAMS) profile. The RAMS generated dendrogram showed that besides the distinct T. longibrachiatum, 2 other lineages were evident by UPGMA analysis. Again the level of taxonomic difference could not be determined. However, no clear separation was obtained by the dendrogram generated by the neighbor-joining (NJ). The third approach was to putatively sequence the samples using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the rDNA. The nucleotide sequences were multiple aligned and compared against the ex-type strains sequences from the NCBI and TrichoBLAST Genbank database. Results showed that 25 out of the 26 putatively identified T. harzianum were in agreement with the genome of the T. harzianum ex-type strain while the single exception belonged to T. virens instead. The 9 putative T. aureoviride were misidentifications where 7 were T. harzianum and 2 were T. virens based on the Genbank database. The single strain of T. longibrachiatum (IMI: 375055) was in agreement with the ex-type strain. This study showed that conventional identification of T. harzianum, despite being done under the best possible care and condition, can still lead to incorrect identifications. Molecular studies by isozyme analysis did not give confident level of separation at the species level. The dendrogram based on UPGMA from RAMS analysis supported the ITS 1 gene sequence analysis but it could not confirm the specific species level. The ITS 1 region study showed that the gene sequences of Trichoderma samples were the most accurate technique for identification, with a bootstrap stability at 100% and a homology of 98-100%

Sensitive determination of Tartrazine (E 102) based on Chitosan/Nanoparticles/MWCNTs Modified Gold Electrode in food and beverage products

Food dyes can be categorized into natural and synthetic color. Tartrazine (E 102) which belong to the family of azo dyes and commonly used in food industry. Tartrazine imparts positive and negative benefits as well, by giving attractive physical appearance and consumer acceptance for over centuries. However, excessively intake of food Tartrazine can cause toxicity and pathogenicity to human. Due to arising of the health issues to mankind, researchers gave attentions for determination of Tartrazine by using analytical and advance methods. Currently, there are several analytical methods available, however, these methods are required skilled persons, time consuming and high cost. Herein, an electrochemical sensor was developed based on the combination of nanomaterials (chitosan, calcium nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes) for detection of Tartrazine. Electrochemical behavior of the modified gold electrode in the presence of Tartrazine was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the DPV was detected with different concentrations of Tartrazine in the range of 0.1 to 10 ppm, with low detection limit (3.3s/s)

Technical and Social Evaluation of Arsenic Mitigation in Rural Bangladesh

Technical and social performances of an arsenic-removal technology—the sono arsenic filter—in rural areas of Bangladesh were investigated. Results of arsenic field-test showed that filtered water met the Bangladesh standard (<50 µg/L) after two years of continuous use. A questionnaire was administrated among 198 sono arsenic filter-user and 230 non-user families. Seventy-two percent of filters (n=198) were working at the time of the survey. Another 28% of the filters were abandoned due to breakage. The abandonment percentage (28%) was lower than other mitigation options currently implemented in Bangladesh. Households were reluctant to repair the broken filters on their own. High cost, problems with maintenance of filters, weak sludge-disposal guidance, and slow flow rate were the other demerits of the filter. These results indicate that the implementation approaches of the sono arsenic filter suffered from lack of ownership and long-term sustainability. Continuous use of arsenic-contaminated tubewells by the non-user households demonstrated the lack of alternative water supply in the survey area. Willingness of households to pay (about 30%) and preference of household filter (50%) suggest the need to develop a low-cost household arsenic filter. Development of community-based organization would be also necessary to implement a long-term, sustainable plan for household-based technology

The noncanonical BMP signaling pathway plays an important role in club cell regeneration

The bronchiole is a major site for the development of several life‐threatening disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung adenocarcinomas. The bronchiolar epithelium is composed of club cells and ciliated epithelial cells, with club cells serving as progenitor cells. Presently, the identity of the cells involved in regeneration of bronchiolar epithelium and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Prrx1, a homeobox transcription factor, can mark club cells in adult mice during homeostasis and regeneration. We further show that the noncanonical signaling pathway of BMPs, BMPR1A‐Tak1‐p38MAPK, plays a critical role in club cell regeneration. Ablation of Bmpr1a, Tak1, or Mapk14 (encoding p38α) in Prrx1+ club cells caused minimal effect on bronchiolar epithelium homeostasis, yet it resulted in severe defects in club cell regeneration and bronchiole repair in adult mice. We further show that this pathway supports proliferation and expansion of the regenerating club cells. Our findings thus identify a marker for club cells and reveal a critical role for the BMP noncanonical pathway in club cell regeneration.Schematic representation of our results showing the critical roles of the noncanonical signaling pathway of BMPs, (BMPR1A‐Tak1‐p38MAPK) in club cell regeneration. Naphthalene (NA) is metabolized by CYP‐2F2, which is expressed exclusively in club cells, generating cytotoxic epoxide that kills the club cells within 1.5 days after NA exposure. Under normal conditions, hyperplastic growth occurs at day 3 and the bronchiolar epithelium is restored at day 7. We show that ablation of Bmpr1a, Tak1, or Mapk14 (encoding p38α) in club cells resulted in severe defects in regeneration and bronchiole repair in adult mice.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154263/1/stem3125_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154263/2/stem3125.pd

Extraction, analytical and advanced methods for detection of allura red AC (E129) in food and beverages products

Allura Red AC (E129) is an azo dye that widely used in drinks, juices, bakery, meat, and sweets products. High consumption of Allura Red has claimed an adverse effects of human health including allergies, food intolerance, cancer, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain damage, nausea, cardiac disease and asthma due to the reaction of aromatic azo compounds (R = R′ = aromatic). Several countries have banned and strictly controlled the uses of Allura Red in food and beverage products. This review paper is critically summarized on the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of Allura Red and also concisely discussed on the acceptable daily intake, toxicology and extraction methods

Optimization assay of Enzymatic Biosensors for determination of Carbaryl Pesticides

Pesticides are chemicals used worldwide to destroy or control insects, fungi, and other pests. In agriculture, farmers use numerous pesticides to protect seeds and crops. Application of pesticides compounds has indeed significantly increased the yield of agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits. The excessive use of pesticides somehow negatively affects both human and environment. The bioaccumulation characteristic has allowed them to accumulate and remain persistent in the environment for a long period. The presence of pesticides in the environment is particularly hazardous, and prolonged exposure may leads to several health problems like asthma attacks, skin rashes and neurological diseases. Carbaryl is one of the most widely used pesticides due to its powerful effect and low cost. At present, pesticides are detected through conventional analytical techniques. However, such techniques requires high skills personnel, expensive instruments and time-consuming. A demand for simple, fast and effective method is necessary for pesticide detection. This lead to the development of enzymatic biosensor which the objective is to immobilize butyrycholinesterase enzyme based on chitosan onto the glassy carbon electrode via cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Optimization of the experimental parameters for the biosensor performance was conducted using cyclic voltammetry which includes pH, time, scan rate and the effect of methylene blue. Upon the optimizations, it found that pH7 of electrolyte solution, 40s of response time and 50mVs-1 was identified to provide the optimum conditions for the proposed biosensor that potentially can be used as a tool for pesticide detection. The optimized parameters will be employed for further experiments for designation of sensitive enzymatic biosensor for detection of pesticides from the vegetables

Highly sensitive determination of sunset yellow FCF (E110) in food products based on Chitosan/Nanoparticles/MWCNTs with modified gold electrode

Sunset Yellow belongs to the family of azo dyes, commonly used in food industry. High consumption of Sunset Yellow can cause health problem to human. Due to arising of the health issues, there are several analytical methods available for determination of Sunset Yellow. However, these methods are required skilled manpower, complicated procedures, time consuming and high cost. Herein, an electrochemical sensor was developed based on the combination of chitosan (CHIT), calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) sensing film for detection of Sunset Yellow in food products. Electrochemical behavior of the modified gold electrode in the presence of Sunset Yellow was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The morphological characteristics of CHIT/CaONPs/MWCNTs were observed under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Under optimal conditions, the DPV was detected with different concentrations of Sunset Yellow in the range of 0.9 to 10 ppm, with detection limit of 0.8 ppm. The developed method has successfully applied for monitoring the presence of Sunset Yellow with different food products including candy, royal jelly, ice cream and soft drink with satisfactory results

Augmented Retting Effect on Kenaf Fibers Using Alkalophilic Pectinase-Producing Bacteria in Combination with Water Solvents

A degumming approach is used in this paper with alkalophilic pectinase-producing bacteria (APPB) and two sources of water solvents to address the existing conventional water retting complexities of kenaf. The incorporation of APPB was confirmed based on their retting feasibilities and multiple cell-wall-degrading enzymatic delicacy. The combinations of APPB with seawater offered retting achievements within six-day retting in non-sterile conditions. These retting niches showed maximum (14.67 U/mL) pectinase activity with fiber separation feasibilities of 4.75 Fried test score. The yielded fiber composition analysis showed a higher cellulose composition (84.65%) and the least amount of hemicellulose, pectin, and ligneous gummy substances. The transmission electron microscopy scan of the yielded fibers showed smooth fiber surfaces, 84.20 µm fiber diameter, and 7.65 g/tex fine fiber compared with uninoculated and combinations of freshwater treatments. The FTIR spectra revealed the cellulosic discrepancies of the retting treatments by monitoring O-H and C=O stretching at ~3300 cm−1 and ~1730 cm−1 wavenumbers. These findings are compelling to yield kenaf fibers of quality considering the existing retting difficulties

Methods for the analysis of Sunset Yellow FCF (E110) in food and beverage products-a review

Food colorants are categorized into natural and synthetic dyes. One of the famous synthetic food dyes is Sunset Yellow FCF (E110) which belongs to the family of azo dyes and widely used in food industry. However, Sunset Yellow has positive and negative effects as well, by giving attractive physical appearance and consumer acceptance. At the same time, it can cause as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness, cancer and some other health effects with an excess consumption. Due to the arising of the health issues for mankind, researchers should give more priority to develop advance techniques for determination of Sunset Yellow in food and beverage products. The main aim of this review paper is critically discussed on the acceptable daily intake (ADI), toxicology, extraction methods, and analytical and electrochemical sensor methods for determination of Sunset Yellow

Valuable components of bambangan fruit (Mangifera pajang) and its co-products: a review

Fruits are important food commodities that can be consumed either raw or processed and are valued for their taste, nutrients, and healthy compounds. Mangifera pajang Kosterm (bambangan) is an underutilized fruit found in Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), Brunei, and Indonesia (Kalimantan). It is highly fibrous and juicy with an aromatic flavour and strong smell. In recent years, bambangan fruit has been gaining more attention due to its high fibre, carotenoid content, antioxidant properties, phytochemicals, and medicinal usages. Therefore, the production, trade, and consumption of bambangan fruit could be increased significantly, both domestically and internationally, because of its nutritional value. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds in bambangan fruit has led to considerable interest among scientists. Bambangan fruit and its waste, especially its seeds and peels, are considered cheap sources of valuable food and are considered nutraceutical ingredients that could be used to prevent various diseases. The use of bambangan fruit waste co-products for the production of bioactive components is an important step towards sustainable development. This is an updated report on the nutritional composition and health-promoting phytochemicals of bambangan fruit and its co-products that explores their potential utilization. This review reveals that bambangan fruit and its co-products could be used as ingredients of dietary fibre powder or could be incorporated into food products (biscuits and macaroni) to enhance their nutraceutical propertie