Hetastarch and Hetastarch + 7.2% NaCl solution in the treatment of hypovolemic diarrheic calves

Objective. In this study, it was aimed to compare the effectiveness of Hydroxyethyl Starch (HTS), HTS +7.2% NaCl combination and Ringer Lactate solutions in the treatment of hypovolemic calves with diarrhea. Materials and methods. A total of 21 holstein calves (12 female, 9 male, weighted 28-52 kg), at the age of 0-30 days, were enrolled in the present study. The calves were randomly divided into 3 groups. Calves in the first group received HTS (10 mL / kg), calves in the second group received Hydroxyethyl starch + 7.2% NaCl combination (4 mL/kg) and calves in the third group were treated with lactated Ringer’s solution (32 mL/kg) intravenously. Calves in each group were administered with oral rehydration solution immediately, and at 8th and 16th hours after intravenous applications. Clinical examinations and laboratory findings were obtained at 0 hour, 30th minutes, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 12th and 24th hours respectively. Results. Calves in all groups achieved clinical remission with a positive response to treatment and there was no statistically significant difference in the vast majority of the variables examined, although dehydration, capillary refill time, mental status and pulse quality were better in hydroxyethyl starch group and especially in hydroxyethyl starch + 7.2% NaCl group than those of Ringer’s lactate group (p<0.05). Conclusions. In the present study, treatment of hypovolemic calves with diarrhea especially with Hydroxyethyl starch and Hydroxyethyl starch + 7.2% NaCl combination along with oral fluid therapy with the electrolyte solution was considered to be practical and effective Objetivo. En este estudio, que tuvo como objetivo comparar la eficacia de hidroxietil almidón (HEM), HEM + 7.2% en combinación con NaCl y soluciones lactato de Ringer en el tratamiento de los terneros hipovolémicos con diarrea. Materiales y métodos. Un total de 21 terneros Holstein (12 hembras, 9 machos, con pesos entre 28-52 kg) y edad de 0-30 días, fueron consideradas en el presente estudio. Los terneros fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos. Terneros en el primer grupo recibieron HEM (10 ml/kg), los terneros en el segundo grupo recibieron almidón + combinación hidroxietil 7.2% de NaCl (4 ml/kg) y terneros en el tercer grupo fueron tratados con solución lactato de Ringer (32 ml/kg) por vía intravenosa. A los terneros en cada grupo se les administró Rev.MVZ Córdoba 21(2):5316-5327, 2016. ISSN: 0122-0268 ORIGINAL 5317 solución de rehidratación oral inmediatamente después, y las ocho y a las 16 horas después de las aplicaciones intravenosas. Los exámenes clínicos y de laboratorio se obtuvieron a las 0 h, 30 minutos, 1, 2, 4, 12 y 24 de horas respectivamente. Resultados. Los terneros en todos los grupos alcanzaron la remisión clínica con una respuesta positiva al tratamiento y no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mayoría de las variables examinadas; a pesar de la deshidratación, el tiempo de llenado capilar, el estado mental y la calidad de pulso fueron mejores en el grupo tratado con hidroxietil almidón y especialmente en hidroxietil almidón + 7.2% NaCl que los del grupo de lactato de Ringer (p<0.05). Conclusiones. En el presente estudio, el tratamiento de los terneros con diarrea hipovolémicos especialmente con hidroxietil almidón y almidón + 7.2% NaCl combinación hidroxietil junto con la terapia de fluido oral con la solución de electrolito fue considerado práctico y eficaz.

Conversion in Turkish : an overview

This paper presents an overview of possible cases of conversion in Turkish. I argue that apparent cases of conversion between nouns and adjectives are cases of syntactic transposition, and apparent cases of conversion between nouns/adjectives and verbs are end products of phonological changes in the history of the language, which resulted in pairs of lexemes that are formally identical synchronically, but not historically. This does not mean that no cases of morphological conversion can be traced in the language. I will present two cases of secondary word-class conversion from derived, inflected and uninflected words to toponyms which might be taken as instances of morphological conversion or derivation by zero-affixation

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Design and development of gear shift cable on manual automotive transmissions

Bu çalışmada, mekanik vites kumanda kablolarının tarihçesi, tanımı, performans özellikleri, kabloları meydana getiren elemanlar detaylı bir şekilde açıklanmıştır. Ardından, bir otomobil üreticisinin talepleri tanımlanmış ve bu talepler doğrultusunda kablo tasarımı yapılması amacıyla takip edilen tüm süreçler itinayla irdelenmiştir. Vites kumanda kablosunun tasarım adımları tamamlandıktan sonra, performans kaybına sebep olan 2 adet problemin çözülmesi üzerine çalışılmış ve bu problemlere çözümler getirilerek kablonun geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanmıştır. Çözüm getirilen problemlerden birincisi, kablo basma yükü dayanımının düşük olması sebebiyle testlerde ve tasarım onaylama sürecinde kablonun gerekli yüklere dayanamayıp kırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, hedef olarak belirlenmiş olan dayanım vites kumanda noktasından 500 N (Vites oranı 3,13 ve vites kablosunda 500x3,13=1565 N) iken 1400 N mertebesinde kabloda deformasyon meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sorunun çözülmesi için yapılan tasarım değişikliklerinden sonra kablo dayanım yükleri 1900 N’a yükseltildi. Diğer bir problem ise vites kumanda kablosunun hedef olarak belirlenen değerden fazla sürtünme dayanımına sahip olmasıdır. Bu durum, vites geçişlerinde zorlanma meydana getirirken, son kullanıcıda da istenmedik bir durum ortaya çıkartmaktadır. Hedef olarak belirlenen sürtünme dayanımı, vites kablosu araç rotasındaki halindeyken, en fazla 9,83 N iken 15–16 N civarında gelmekteydi. Yapılan tasarım değişiklikleri sonucu sürtünme dayanımı 7 N’a düşürüldü.In this master thesis, firstly the history, definition, performance characteristics and the components of the mechanical gear shift cables were explained in detail. Subsequently, the demands and requirements of an automobile manufacturer regarding the shift cables were identified and all of the processes for the purpose of shift cable design were followed up carefully step by step. After the completion of the design steps of shift cables, studies have been performed in order to bring the solutions to problems which cause the performance decrease and by this way cable was developed. One of the problems which is solved in this thesis is that the cable cannot withstand the required loads during the breaking strength test in its design approval phase due to its low compression load resistance. In this first study, the breakage occurred in 1400 N range where the target is minimum 500 N from on top of the knob (force application point) (Ratio= 3,13 and 500x3,13=1565 N to cable) After the design changes implemented in the shift cable in order to solve the problem, breakage loads were increased up to 1900N. The second problem is that the shift cable has more friction resistance (NLSR) than the required target. This situation creates the non-conformity during the gear shifting and undesirable feelings for the driver. The maximum friction resistance of the shift cable on real vehicle routing which is requested 9,83 N. Nevertheless, the friction of the cable was around 15 – 16 N. After the design improvement studies, friction values of the cable was reduced down to around 7 N

Variation in Advertisement Call Properties of the Japanese Quail

The aim of this study was to investigate the amount variation in four spectral and six temporal properties of advertisement calls between and within-male Japanese quail and to establish the effect of age of sexual maturation to these properties. The first, second, third syllables and damping parts were 68.2, 74.3, 501.1 and 95.9 ms long, on average, and had peak frequencies of 1719.9, 1989.9, 2203.2 and 2352.7 Hz, respectively. There was high between individual variations in all call traits. In relation to within-male variation, there were high medians and low ranges for spectral properties while low medians and high ranges for temporal properties. Moderate positive correlations between syllable lengths and age of sexual maturation, low negative correlations between interval lengths and age of sexual maturation were observed. Repeatability of the advertisement call characteristics were high, but estimates for spectral properties were slightly lower (0.66-0.82) than that for temporal properties (0.89-0.96). These results suggest that temporal call parameters have the potential to be used in individual identity and these traits might carry information used by females in mate choice. Spectral properties could be recognized as stable call properties that may be used in efficient transmission or species recognition

Seksüel iki tiplilik (Dimorphism)

There are some hypotheses to explain the cause and maintenance mechanisms of differences between the sexes with species. Among these mechanisms sexual selection, competition for food researches, female reproduction strategy and energy requirement for reproduction will be reviewed in the fi rst part of the study. Differences between the sexes provide a reproduction advantage to the individual. On the other hand, sexual dimorphism may cause some disadvantages directly to the ornamented individual or indirectly to its partner. The disadvantages of the sexual dimorphism will be discussed in the second part of the study. Types of the sexual dimorphism, which are ranging from size to behavior either common to most of the animal species or unique for some of the species, will be reviewed in the last part of the study

Quantification of Japanese Quail Eggshell Colour by Image Analysis

The Japanese quail lays eggs with colourful and patterned shells which make the eggshell colour difficult to classify. In this study, the method of measuring colour of patchy eggs using image analyses and its power to discriminate among individual variation were established. Estimated repeatability for egg colour and proportion of patterned areas was high (>0.58), suggesting intermedíate or high heritability of eggshell colour characteristics. Three components have been identified as significant in discriminant function analysis. These three components explained 91.4% of the total variance in egg colour characteristics. In cluster analysis, 78.3% of the eggs that were collected from 15 females were correctly classified. This study indicates that eggshell colour characteristics can be reliably studied by image analyses and that this method can provide a unified character list for future examinations and interpretations of quail egg characteristics

Heritability of advertisement call properties of the Japanese quail

WOS:000521730500016The objective of this study was to investigate genetic variances and covariances among features of the male Japanese quail advertisement call. Duration of the first, second and third syllable, the length of interval 1 (between the first and the second syllable), interval 2 (between the second and the third syllable) and damping (extension of the third syllable) were measured as temporal properties of the call. Spectral properties were peak frequencies of each syllable and the damping component. In this study, 1730 calls were recorded from 488 male Japanese quail. The restricted maximum likelihood procedure for repeated measurements was applied to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for the examined traits. Heritability estimates of call parameters of the male Japanese quail ranged from low to high values (0.04-0.65) and they were generally higher for temporal properties than for spectral properties. Among the temporal properties of the call, the highest genetic correlation was between the first and the second syllable (0.96 +/- 0.251) while the lowest genetic correlation was between the first and the third syllable (0.03 +/- 0.231). Significant genetic correlations were generally high and positive among peak frequencies of the syllables. Despite the lack of apparent pattern, interval lengths tended to have positive correlation with spectral properties of the call, but the correlation of syllable lengths with spectral properties of the call was negative

Assessing the publication output in the field of forensic science and legal medicine using Web of Science database from 2011 to 2020

The aim of this study was threefold. First, it analyzed the characteristics of the publication outputs for the Legal Medicine (LM) category using the Web of Science (WoS) database during 2011–2020. Second, it discussed the distribution of the papers for the 25 most productive countries/regions in terms of quality and quantity, such as the h-index and GDP per capita. Finally, it investigated the trend and temporal stability of the journal impact factor (JIF) and determined the percentage of the journal self-citations. The findings suggested that the number of papers, the average number of pages of the papers, the average number of cited references in the papers, the average number of authors per paper, the percentage of open access papers, as well as international and domestic collaboration tended to increase regularly. However, the productivity was limited when compared to the whole WoS database, since there was no significant change in the number of the journals. The countries/regions with the highest number of publications were not those that made the most impact in terms of the widespread impact of the publications. The level of international cooperation and the funding for the research had dramatic impact on the visibility of papers. The average JIF has increased significantly while the journal self-citation rates have decreased in a similar way. The journals have had very stable (have not fluctuated) impact factors over time. During the period studied, the journals with the highest impact factors (Q1, Q2) published many more papers than journals with the lowest impact factors (Q3, Q4)