Yield and Qualitative Traits of Sesame as Affected by Irrigation Interval, N Fertilizer and Superabsorbent

In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, N fertilizer and superabsorbent on yield and qualitative traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a split-split-plot experiment was coducted in a farm in Khusf of Birjand, Iran in 2009 on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design. The main plot was devoted to irrigation interval at three levels of 6, 12 and 18 days, the sub-plot was devoted to N fertilization rate at three levels of 0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 and the sub-sub-plot was devoted to superabsorbent at two levels of 0 and 200 kg ha-1. It was found that the effect of irrigation interval was significant on seed yield, oil percentage, protein percentage, seed N percentage, oil yield and protein yield, so that the increase in    irrigation interval from 6 to 18 days resulted in significant loss of seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by 44.5, 44.5 and 39.7%, respectively. Different N fertilization rates significantly influenced seed yield, oil yield and protein yield, but its effect was not significant on seed oil percentage, protein percentage and N percentage, so that the increase in N level from 0 to 200 kg ha-1 significantly increased seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by 25.6, 28.3 and 25.1%, respectively. According to the results, it is recommended to use the irrigation interval of 6 days with the treatment of 200 kg N ha-1 in order to realize optimum yield of sesame in Birjand, Iran

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The Response of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Different Plant Densities to the Using of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Application of proper rates of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density are important factors for medicinal plants yield. To study the effect of nitrogen rates and plant densities on yield and yield components of coriander, an experiment was carried out in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, Iran, in 2013. The main plots were nitrogen rates with four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N per ha) and the sub-plots with three levels (30, 40 and 50 plants per m2). The results showed that nitrogen rate had significant effect on number of umbel per plant and per m2, fruit number per umbel, fruit yield, biological yield, fruit weight of single plant, biomass yield of single plant and percent and yield of essential oil. Changes in plant density, also had significant effect on all traits except fruit number per umbel, 1000-fruit weight and percent of essential oil. Moreover, interaction effect between nitrogen rate and plant density affected all traits except umbel number per plant, fruit number per umbel and percent and yield of essential oil. Mean comparisons showed that as N fertilization rate increased from 0 to 80 kg N ha-1, umbel number per m2, fruit yield, biological yield and essential oil yield increased by 62.5, 74.1, 74.3 and 186.8%, respectively. Results also revealed that increasing plant density from 30 to 50 plants per m2, increased these traits by 25.6, 31.4, 21.8 and 37.4%, respectively. The conclusion is that application of 80 kg N ha-1 and use of 50 plants/m2 produced highest fruit and essential oil yield for coriander in Birjand regio

Determination of the Critical Weed Control Periods of Okra (Abelmuschus esculentus L.)

To study the effects weed competition periods on fruit yield and yield components of Okra and some of its morphological traits, a completely randomized design experiment with 12 treatment and 13 repetitions was carried out at the Research Fields of College of Agriculture of Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, in 2016. The plots consisted of the control (free of weeds until 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after okras growth) and the treatments competing with the weeds within the same periods as mentioned above. Also, two separate plots were designed one for complete weed control during whole growth period and in the other weeds were allowed to compete with okra during the growth period, in order to compare the effects of weeds on okra. In the first group the plots were weeded during periods the mentioned above and in the other weeds were let to compete with okra. In the second group weeds competed with okra from the beginning of the growth period to 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after germination. There after weed were controlled up to harvest time. The results showed that by increasing competition periods of weeds morphological traits of okra like plant height, main stem branche numbers, fresh fruit length and its diameter, as well as the number of fresh fruits per m-2, fresh fruit and dried fruit yields, biological yield and dried fruit harvest index per plant, dry weight of broad and narrow leaved weeds, and the percentage of dry fruit yield as compared to that of control treatment were significantly decreased. Based on 5 and 10 percent reduction in fruit yield, starting days of critical weed control period was determined to be 29 and 30 days after seed germination. Thus, it can be concluded that the critical weed period, in terms of okra yield in regard with the mentioned levels, was estimate to be 77 and 80 days after seedling emergence. Therefore, it is recommended that from the 29th to 80th day after seedling emergence of the okra, the field ought to be free of weed

Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha -1 ) set as sub plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m -2 , biomass yield and plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control, irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and 72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m -3 for dry flower and biomass, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield, flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha -1 treatments. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha -1 application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand. Abstract Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014 154 INTRODUCTION Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid region in the world. Therefore, efficient water use and understanding the influential factors such as N fertilization, and identifying drought-tolerant plants are crucially important. The diverse climate with a great temperature difference (over 50°C) of Iran and coastal, mountainous and desert lands (Javadzadeh, 1997) provides favorable conditions for the cultivation of most drought-tolerant medicinal herbs. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual to perennial plant belonging to the family of Asteraceae. It needs high solar radiation during growing period and is able to well tolerate drought. It is, however, susceptible to high soil moisture. Hence, it can be considered for cultivation in such regions as Southern Khorasan, Iran. Marigold is known as blood purifier, energizer and anti-convulsion. It heals nausea, liver disorders, peptic ulcer disease, skin wounds, burns and blood cholesterol. It acts as skin softener, too. Marigold is used in production of toothpaste, shampoo and infant lotions In their study on marigold, In another experiment on chamomile, the effect of irrigation treatments (irrigation after 25, 50, 75 and 100 mm accumulative evaporation) on the plant was evaluated. The results showed that the highest capitulum yield per plant and per area unit and the highest number of capitulum per plant was obtained under the treatment of irrigation after 50 mm accumulative evaporation. On the other hand, significant increase in chamomile capitulum and seed harvest index was reported with the increase in water deficit stress. Also, the treatments of irrigation after 50 and 75 mm accumulative evaporation had significantly higher WUE for capitulum and seed production as compared with other treatments In a study on the effect of different N fertilization levels on flower yield of marigold, it was reported that the highest dry flower yield (102.86 g m -2 ) was obtained by the application of 150 kg N ha -1 (Ameri and Nasiriemahalati, 2008). Arganosa et al. (1998) reported the highest biological yield of marigold at N fertilization level of 80 kg ha -1 . In other study on German chamomile, different N levels were shown to have significant effects on the number of flowers per plant and flower fresh and dry yield per plant and per ha In the experiment increase in N level significantly affected these traits (Hamzeie et al., 2004). This experiment was carried out to study the effect of irrigation and N fertilization levels on yield and yield components of marigold in Birjand, Iran

Study of effects of different levels of irrigation interval and nitrogen on some physiological traits of signet marigold (Tagetes tenuifolia

Abstract: In order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation interval, N and superabsorbent on seed yield and morphological traits of sesame, a split-split-plot experiment was conducted in Khosr Region, Birjand, Iran in 2009 based on a randomized complete block design. The main plot was irrigation interval at three levels (6, 12 and 18 days), the sub-plot was N fertilization at three levels (0, 100 and 200 kg/ha) and the sub-sub-plot was superabsorbent at two levels (0 and 200 kg/ha). The results of analysis of variance showed that irrigation interval significantly affected seed yield, plant height, stem diameter, auxiliary branch number per plant, first capsule distance from ground and capsule length, so that the increase in irrigation interval from 6 to 18 days decreased seed yield, plant height, stem diameter, auxiliary branch number per plant and capsule length by 44.5, 35.8, 64.3, 49 and 45.7%, respectively. N fertilization significantly affected all studied traits, so that the increase in N level from 0 to 200 kg/ha increased them by 26.6, 14.2, 55.8, 39.9 and 23.7%, respectively. Also, the effect of superabsorbent was significant on all traits except capsule length. In total, given the results of the study, it can be recommended to use irrigation interval of 6 days with the application of 200 kg N/ha in order to realize optimum yield of sesame in Birjand, Iran

Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license