The determination of epiphytic lichens on Quercus L. and Fagus L. species found in the Marmara region

Bu çalışmada, Marmara Bölgesi'nde yayılış gösteren Fagus ve Quercus taksonları üzerindeki epifitik liken çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi ve liken türlerinin substrat tercihlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.15.05.2005 - 06.07.2008 tarihleri arasında Marmara Bölgesi'nde Fagus ve Quercus cinslerine ait taksonların bulunduğu 238 farklı lokaliteden, 4219 adet örnek toplanmıştır. Toplanan örneklerin değerlendirilmesi ile 67 cinse ait 186 liken ve 2 likenikol mantar taksonu belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen taksonlardan, 8'i Türkiye için yeni kayıttır. Ayrıca, 8 liken ve 2 likenikol mantar taksonu Türkiye'den ikinci kez, 19 takson ise Marmara Bölgesi'nden ilk kez kaydedilmiştir.Türkiye için yeni kayıt olan taksonlar; Anisomeridium macrocarpum (Körb.) V. Wirth, Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr., Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon, Lithographa graphidioides (Leight.) Imshaug ex Coppins & Fryday, Opegrapha viridis Pers., Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. ve Usnea ceratina Ach.'dır.Türkiye'den ikinci kez kayıt verilen taksonlar; Arthonia leucopellaea (Ach.) Almq., Arthonia punctiformis Ach., Arthonia stellaris Kremp., Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke ex Spreng.) Zopf, Lecanora impudens Degel., Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl., Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen, Physconia servitii (Nádv.) Poelt, Ramalina breviuscula Nyl. ve Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel'dur.Çalışma alanında bulunan substratlar ve bunlar üzerinden tespit edilen epifitik takson sayıları ise şu şekildedir; Quercus cerris L. 145, Q. frainetto Ten. 119, Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. 102, Q. pubescens Willd. 91, Fagus oreintalis Lipsky 79, Q. virgiliana Ten. 47, Q. infectoria Olivier 42, Q. trojana P. B. Webb 42, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge 30, Q. robur L. 24, Q. coccifera L. 21, F. sylvatica L. 8 ve Q. hartwissiana Steven 7.Çalışma kapsamında yer alan ve epifitik liken türlerinin substratını oluşturan Fagus ve Quercus taksonlarının kabuk pH'ları ölçülmüştür. Belirlenen pH değerlerine göre liken çeşitliliğinde gözlenen farklılıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Q. cerris'in en düşük (pH 4,76), Q. frainetto'nun ise en yüksek (pH 6,16) ortalama pH değerine sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Asit özellikteki kabukların asidofil liken taksonlarına ev sahipliği yaptığı, çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı ortaya çıktığı düşünülen, kabuk pH'ındaki artışın substratları nitrofil liken taksonları için uygun hale getirdiği gözlenmiştir.In this study, we were determined epiphytic lichen biodiversity on Fagus and Quercus taxa found in the Marmara Region and aimed to investigate about substrate preference of lichen species.4219 specimens were collected from 238 different localities which were found Fagus and Quercus taxa, between the dates 15 May 2005 and 06 July 2008. In consequence of the evaluating of specimens collected, 186 lichens and 2 lichenicol fungi taxa belonging to 67 genera were determined. Of these taxa, 8 are new records for Turkey. Otherwise, 8 lichens and 2 lichenicol fungi taxa are recorded for the second time from Turkey and 19 taxa are recorded for the first time from the Marmara Region.The new records for Turkey are Anisomeridium macrocarpum (Körb.) V. Wirth, Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr., Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon, Lithographa graphidioides (Leight.) Imshaug ex Coppins & Fryday, Opegrapha viridis Pers., Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. and Usnea ceratina Ach..The taxa are given for the second record from Turkey; Arthonia leucopellaea (Ach.) Almq., A. punctiformis Ach., A. stellaris Kremp., Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke ex Spreng.) Zopf, Lecanora impudens Degel., Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl., Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen, Physconia servitii (Nádv.) Poelt, Ramalina breviuscula Nyl., and Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) TriebelSubstrates are found on study area and number of their epiphytic taxa were; Quercus cerris L. 145, Q. frainetto Ten. 119, Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. 102, Q. pubescens Willd. 91, Fagus oreintalis Lipsky 79, Q. virgiliana Ten. 47, Q. infectoria Olivier 42, Q. trojana P. B. Webb 42, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge 30, Q. robur L. 24, Q. coccifera L. 21, F. sylvatica L. 8 and Q. hartwissiana Steven 7 taxa.The pH values has been measured for the the Fagus and Quercus taxa?s barks which are in the scopes of the study and also substrate constitued for epiphytic lichen species. The differences in the variation of lichens has been considered according to determined pH values. It has been determined that, Q. cerris, has the lowest (pH 4.76) and Q. frainetto has the highest (pH 6.16) average pH values. Although the barks which has higher acidic characteristic hosting for acidophil lichen taxa, it has been observed that increasing pH values of barks, which is considered for different reasoning bring the substrate conditions more suitable for nitrophytic taxa

Evaluation on Antimicrobial Activity of The Lichen Pleurosticta acetabulum

In this study, the ethanol extract of the lichen Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix amp; Lumbsch (Parmeliaceae) was investigated for their antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms by the disc diffusion method. Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 were used as test microorgams. We have found that the ethanol extract of the lichen has a potential antimicrobial effect against all tested microorganisms, forming inhibition zones between 12.6-22.4 mm, as compared with the standard antibiotics. Notably, the extract has a strong effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, especially Candida albicans. In conclusion, P. acetabulum may assist in the discovery of new antimicrobial agents that can serve as selective agents or in the preparation of new combined therapeutic drugs. However, the effect of this lichen species on more pathogenic organisms should be investigated and further and detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies should be conducted

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB MOTIVATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: A RESEACRH AT PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN SULTANGAZI/ISTANBUL

Son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarda, 'İş motivasyonu' ve 'örgütsel bağlılık' kavramlarının örgütlerin başarısının ve etkinliğinin artırılmasında önemli rolü olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıklarının iş motivasyonlarına olan etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada ilişkisel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İstanbul ili Sultangazi ilçesindeki ilköğretim okullarında çalışan 306 öğretmen araştırmanın örneklem grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın verileri; 'Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği'" ve 'İş Motivasyonu Ölçeği' ile toplanmıştır. Örgütsel bağlılık alt boyutlarının iş motivasyonu alt boyutlarına olan etkisinin belirlenmesi için regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada iş motivasyonu ile örgütsel bağlılık arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Duygusal bağlılığın içsel ve dışsal iş motivasyonu yordamada katkısı olan bir değişken olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak öğretmenlerin iş motivasyonunu artırmak için duygusal bağlılıklarının artırılmasına yönelik faaliyetlerin yapılması önerilebilirIt is stated that in the recent scientific studies that the concepts of 'job motivation' and 'organizational commitment' have a significant role in enhancing the success and effectiveness of organizations. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of organizational commitment to job motivation of the teachers working in primary education school system. Three hundred six teachers employed in the primary education school in the Sultangazi subprovince of Istanbul province have formed the sample group of the research. The research data have been collected by using 'Organizational Commitment Scale' and 'Job Motivation Scale'. Regression models have been formed in order to determine effects of the organizational commitment sub-dimensions to job motivation sub-dimensions. It has been noted in this study that there is a positive correlation between job motivation and organizational commitment. It has been determined that emotional commitment is a significant variable in assessing internal and external job motivation. In conclusion, it can be proposed that in order to enhance the job motivation of the teachers, their emotional organizational commitment should be increase

Ramalina Lichens and Their Major Metabolites as Possible Natural Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents

Three lichen species of Ramalina (R.farinacea, R.fastigiata and R.fraxinea) were examined. Evernic, fumarprotocetraric, lecanoric, stictic and usnic acid levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Acetone, methanol and ethanol were used to examine the efficiencies of different solvent systems for the extraction of lichen acids. The total phenol contents in the extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant capacities were determined by the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid]) method. The methanol extracts of the Ramalina species showed the highest antioxidant capacities. Broth microdilution testing was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extracts of the three Ramalina species. The MIC values of all extracts ranged from 64 to 512g/mL for all bacterial strains tested in this study

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential, and HPLC Analysis of Stictic and Usnic Acids of Three Usnea Species from Uludag Mountain (Bursa, Turkey)

In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of Usnea intermedia, U. filipendula, and U. fulvoreagens and their stictic and usnic acid contents were investigated. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents were evaluated in acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts of these three species. Antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid)] method and total phenolic contents were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the determination of lichen acids. It can be concluded from stictic and usnic acids contents that the order of solvent efficiency is acetone > ethanol > methanol and acetone > methanol > ethanol, respectively. Broth microdilution method was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extracts of three Usnea species. The MIC values of all the extracts ranged from 64 mu g/mL to 512 mu g/mL for all the bacterial strains that were tested in this study, and all the Fluoro quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates (except for E101) were sensitive to the methanol extracts of the three Usnea species. This paper is the first study to determine the stictic acid content in U. intermedia and U. filipendula. Our findings indicate that these three Usnea species could be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents

Genotoxic, Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Effects of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. on Breast Cancer Cells

The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition, and evaluate the genotoxic, and anti-growth potency of the methanol extracts of lichen species Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. (HPE). Anti-growth effect was tested in two different human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) by the MTT and ATP viability assays and apoptosis was assayed by the caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (M30-antigen). Genotoxic activity of HPE was studied using chromosome aberration and micronuclei tests in human lymphocytes culture in vitro. The chemical composition of H. physodes was analyzed by using direct thermal desorption method coupled with comprehensive gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GCXGC-TOF/MS). Our results indicate that HPE has an anti-growth effect at relatively lower concentrations, while relatively higher concentrations are required for genotoxic activity. HPE, therefore, seems to represent a therapeutic potential and poses new challenges for medicinal chemistry. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc